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Antibiotic Explorer
Antibiotic Ready Made Solutions
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Leaves you free for research while we do the dirty work.
Sigma-Aldrich's Antibiotic Ready Made Solutions arrive at your laboratory as sterile-filtered, ready to use formulations. Ready Made antibiotic solutions minimize your exposure to potentially harmful powders, reducing your risk as well as saving your time. All Ready Made Solutions are 0.2 µm filtered for extended shelf life and prevention of bacterial contamination. As with all Sigma-Aldrich products, strict quality control measures apply to each Ready Made Solution.
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Antibiotic Ready Made Solutions recommended for use as selection agents
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A5354 Ampicillin
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100 mg/ml |
The go-to antibiotic for selecting bacteria containing the amp resistance gene |
| C1613 Carbenicillin |
100 mg/ml in ethanol/water |
Analog of ampicillin used as a selection agent to help prevent overgrowth of satellite colonies |
| P9620 Puromycin |
10 mg/ml aqueous solution |
Multi-functional selection agent that exhibits broad spectrum antibacterial activity4-7 but also functions against protozoa, algae and mammalian cells. |
| S0692 Spectinomycin |
100 mg/ml in DMSO:water (1:1) |
Specifically used as a selection agent in plant related transformation systems and for amplification of low copy number plasmid carrying replicons3 |
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Antibiotic Ready Made Solutions recommended for use in antineoplastic research studies
Also useful as antibacterial, antifungal or antimycobacterial agents
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| B5936 Brefeldin A |
10 mg/ml in DMSO |
Brefeldin A-mediated apoptosis has been observed in human tumor cells. |
| C4859 Cycloheximide |
100 mg/ml in DMSO |
Active against many yeast and fungi but tolerated by most bacteria8. Facilitates apoptosis induction9 |
| C2743 Cytochalasin B |
10 mg/ml in DMSO |
Useful tool for characterizing some of the polymerization properties of actin, and in studies on cytokinesis. |
| C2618 Cytochalasin D |
5 mg/ml in DMSO |
A calcium ionophore that functions as an antibacterial agent by interfering with cell membrane permeability10-12 |
| I3909 Ionomycin |
1 mM in DMSO |
A calcium ionophore that functions as an antibacterial agent by interfering with cell membrane permeability10-12 |
| S6942 Staurosporine |
1 mM in DMSO |
Widely employed as an inducer of apoptosis13,14 in many mammalian cell types while also possessing inhibitory activity against many fungi and yeasts15 |
| T1952 Trichostatin A |
5 mM in DMSO |
Trichostatin A induces cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, reversal of transformed cells morphology, and apoptosis and is able to modulate transcription. |
| V3639 Valinomycin |
~ 1 mg/ml in DMSO |
A potassium ionophore with antimycobacterial and antifungal properties that functions as an apoptosis inducer by disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential1,2 |
Apoptosis induced by Valinomycin Ready Made Solution
A |
The ionophoric functionality of valinomycin enables its use as a tool for apoptosis induction by disrupting the mitochondrial membrane potential. Valinomycin triggers rapid loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, causing cytoplasmic acidification and leading to protease activation, DNA fragmentation and cell death.1,2
Valinomycin Ready Made Solution has been used to induce apoptosis in U937 cells and Jurkat cells, as detected using the fluorescent JC-1 dye contained in the Mitochondria Staining Kit (CS0390).
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B |
In normal cells, due to the electrochemical potential gradient, the JC-1 dye concentrates in the mitochondrial matrix, where it forms red fluorescent aggregates. Any event that dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential (e.g. apoptosis) prevents the accumulation of the JC-1 dye in the mitochondria. The dye is dispersed throughout the entire cell, resulting in a shift from red fluorescence (J–aggregates) to green fluorescence (JC–1 monomers).
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JC-1 staining of control versus Valinomycin treated cells
Control U937 cells (A) and U937 cells treated with Valinomycin Ready Made Solution (100 nM final concentration) (B) were stained with JC-1 dye using the Mitochondria Staining Kit (CS0390) and visualized under an Olympus IX81 fluorescence microscope. Normal U937 cells show red, granular mitochondrial staining, whereas valinomycin treated cells show diffuse, green cytoplasmic staining.
JC-1 fluorescence shift in Valinomycin treated versus untreated Jurkat cells
Jurkat cells were stained with JC-1 using the Mitochondria Staining Kit (CS0390). Valinomycin Ready Made Solution was added to a final concentration of 100 nM to Sample B during staining while A remained untreated. The shift in the red (530 nm excitation and 590 nm emission wavelength) and the green channels (490 nm excitation and 530 nm emission wavelength) was measured using Perkin Elmer LS50B fluorimeter. Mitochondrial potential dissipation induced in the Jurkat cells by Valinomycin Ready Made Solution caused a decrease in the red fluorescence concurrently with an increase in the green fluorescence.
References
- Inai, Y., et al., Valinomycin Induces apoptosis of ascites hepatoma cells (AH-130) in relation to mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell Struct. Funct., 22, 555-563 (1997).
- Furlong, I. J., et al., Induction of apoptosis by valinomycin: mitochondrial permeability transition causes intracellular acidification. Cell Death Differ., 5, 214-221 (1998).
- Chang, A.C.Y. and Cohen, S.N. Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid. J. Bacteriol. 134, 1141-56 (1978).
- Data for Biochemical Research, 3rd ed., 280-281 (1986).
- Waller, C.W., et al., Achromycin. The Structure of the Antibiotic Puromycin. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 75, 2025 (1953).
- Korzybski, T., et al., Antibiotics, II, 1173-1180 (1978).
- Antibiotics: origin, nature, and properties, Korzybski, T., et al., American Society for Microbiology (Washington, DC: 1978), pp. 1173-1180.
- Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 4th edition, Lennette, E.H., Balows, A., Hausler, W.J., Shadomy H.J. (eds), Washington DC, ASM, pp 500-584, (1985).
- Clemens, M.J. et al., Degradation of eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor (eIF) 4G in response to induction of apoptosis in human lymphoma cell lines. Oncogene, 17, 2921-2931 (1998).
- Erdahl, W.L., et al., Ionomycin, a carboxylic acid ionophore, transports Pb2+ with high selectivity. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 7071-7079 (2000).
- Liu, W.C., et al., Ionomycin, a new polyether antibiotic. J. Antibiot., 31, 815-819 (1978).
- Liu, C., and Hermann, T.E., Characterization of Ionomycin as a calcium ionophore. J. Biol. Chem., 253, 5892-5894 (1978).
- Kruman, I., et al., Calcium and reactive oxygen species mediate staurosporine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. Res., 51, 293-308 (1998).
- Posmantur, R., et al., Characterization of CPP32-like protease activity following apoptotic challenge in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurochem., 68, 2328-2337 (1997).
- Meksuriyen, D. and Cordell, G.A., Biosynthesis of staurosporine, 1. 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments. J. Nat. Prod., 51, 884-92 (1988).
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