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The expression of multi-drug resistance (MDR) is key in the development of therapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs. Accessibility, solubility, clearance rate, and drug-drug interactions can mean the difference between a wonder drug and a lethal drug. The classical form of MDR hinges on P-glycoprotein (Pgp) at the cell membrane. Pgp acts as a drug efflux pump, and provides a method to rid cells of both toxic and therapeutic compounds. Sigma has a comprehensive line of substrates, enzymes, antibodies and other screening reagents.
Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are a diverse group of proteins produced in the liver that are responsible for metabolizing a vast number of xenobiotic compounds. These compounds include exogenous proteins such as steroids, pharmaceuticals drugs, and environmental pollutants. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are known for their ability to metabolize
a large number of structurally diverse compounds. Over 150 cytochrome P450 substrates, metabolites, inducers and inhibitors are highlighted.
Ultrafine (UC) Catalog Product Cross-referenced listings
Browse our complete line of MDR and Drug Metabolism products
Technical Resources:
Review Article: Multi-Drug Resistance in Cancer - Role of ABC Transporter Proteins
Pathway Slides:
Mechanisms In Multi-drug Resistance: ABC-transporters and detoxification enzymes I hepatocytes
ABC-ATPases as Regulatory Transporters for NHRs: chemical sensors for endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics
Domain Organization of Bile Salt Transporter (BSEP)
Domain Organization of Multi-drug Related Protein (MRP1)
Helpful external links
Cytochrome P450 - University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Biocatalysis / Biodegradation Database - University of Minnesota
Cytochrome P450 Homepage
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| Product Name | UltraFine Code | Product # |
| AAMU | UC432 | UC432 |
| Acetaminophen, SigmaUltra, ≥99.0% | UC491 | A7085 |
| 3-(α-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin sodium salt, ≥98% | UC297 | A4571 |
| 1-Aminobenzotriazole | UC293 | A3940 |
| 4-Aminophenyl sulfone, 97% | UC457 | A74807 |
| AMMC iodide, ≥99% (NMR) | UC460 | A1352 |
| 4-Androstene-3,17-dione, ≥98% | UC300 | A9630 |
| Arachidonic acid sodium salt, from porcine liver, ~99% (capillary GC), powder | UC471 | A8798 |
| Benzydamine N-oxide hydrogen maleate | UC440 | UC440 |
| 1-Benzylimidazole, 99% | UC464 | 116416 |
| 7-Benzyloxyquinoline, 99% (by 1H-NMR), solid | UC458 | B5182 |
| 7-Benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin, 99% (by 1H-NMR), solid | UC462 | B5057 |
| Bergamottin, purum, ≥98.0% (HPLC) | UC437 | 01338 |
| (±)-Bufuralol hydrochloride | UC168 | UC168 |
| Cannabidiol solution, drug standard, 1.0 mg/mL±5% in methanol | UC500 | C6395 |
| Carboxytolbutamide | UC260 | UC260 |
| Chlorzoxazone | UC338 | C4397 |
| Clofibrate, liquid | UC465 | C6643 |
| Coumarin, ≥99% (HPLC) | UC336 | C4261 |
| 3-Cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin, ≥97% (HPLC) | UC455 | UC455 |
| 3-Cyano-7-methoxycoumarin | UC454 | UC454 |
| 3-Cyanoumbelliferone, BioChemika, for fluorescence, ≥98.0% (TLC) | UC494 | 28605 |
| Debrisoquine sulfate | UC281 | D1306 |
| O-Desmethylnaproxen | UC305 | UC305 |
| O-Desmethyltramadol | UC304 | UC304 |
| Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, meets USP testing specifications | UC337 | D9684 |
| Dextrorphan | UC205 | UC205 |
| Diclofenac sodium salt | UC291 | D6899 |
| 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin hydrochloride, | UC461 | 188611 |
| 6´-7´-Dihydroxybergamottin | UC441 | UC441 |
| 5,5-Diphenylhydantoin, ~99% | UC295 | D4007 |
| Dodecanoic acid, ≥99% (GC/titration) | UC340 | L4250 |
| Estrone 3-(β-D-glucuronide) sodium salt | UC332 | E1752 |
| 7-Ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin, ≥98% (TLC) | UC449 | T2803 |
| Furafylline, solid | UC165 | F124 |
| (±)-d5-Geosmin | UC70 | UC70 |
| Haloperidol metabolite II | UC302 | H102 |
| Haloperidol, powder | UC472 | H1512 |
| Hydrocortisone, ≥98% (HPLC) | UC425 | H4001 |
| Hydrocortisone, meets USP testing specifications | UC425 | H3160 |
| 7-Hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin, 98% | UC299 | 368512 |
| Hydroxybufuralol maleate, ≥98% (HPLC) | UC169 | UC169 |
| 6-Hydroxychlorzoxazone, ≥98% (HPLC) | UC148 | UC148 |
| 6β-Hydroxycortisol, ≥98% | UC426 | H6904 |
| 7-Hydroxycoumarin glucuronide sodium salt | UC263 | UC263 |
| 7-Hydroxycoumarin sulfate potassium salt | UC283 | UC283 |
| (±)-4-Hydroxydebrisoquin sulfate | UC261 | UC261 |
| 4′-Hydroxydiclofenac, Standard, ≥97% (HPLC) | UC997 | H3661 |
| 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid, 97% | UC409 | 198781 |
| 4-Hydroxymephenytoin | UC126 | UC126 |
| 1´-Hydroxymidazolam | UC430 | UC430 |
| 4-Hydroxymidazolam | UC431 | UC431 |
| (+)-3-Hydroxymorphinan hydrobromide | UC497 | H156 |
| (±)-4´-Hydroxynirvanol | UC134 | UC134 |
| 3′-p-Hydroxypaclitaxel, 95% (by 1H-NMR), solid | UC998 | H3786 |
| 6α-Hydroxytestosterone | UC286 | H3525 |
| 6β-Hydroxytestosterone | UC287 | UC287 |
| 16α-Hydroxytestosterone | UC288 | UC288 |
| 16β-Hydroxytestosterone | UC289 | UC289 |
| 7α-Hydroxytestosterone | UC498 | UC498 |
| 2α-Hydroxytestosterone, ≥97% | UC284 | H2773 |
| 2β-Hydroxytestosterone, ≥98% | UC285 | H9526 |
| 6β-Hydroxytestosterone, ≥99% (TLC) | UC282 | UC282 |
| 4-Hydroxytolbutamide, ≥98% (HPLC) | UC160 | UC160 |
| 10-Hydroxywarfarin | UC223 | UC223 |
| 4-Hydroxywarfarin | UC209 | UC209 |
| 6-Hydroxywarfarin | UC208 | UC208 |
| 7-Hydroxywarfarin | UC211 | UC211 |
| 8-Hydroxywarfarin | UC210 | UC210 |
| Itraconazole, ≥98% (TLC) | UC501 | I6657 |
| Ketoconazole | UC280 | UC280 |
| (±)-Mephenytoin | UC177 | UC177 |
| (R)-(−)-Mephenytoin | UC176 | UC176 |
| (S)-(+)-Mephenytoin | UC175 | UC175 |
| (±)-4´-Methoxymephenytoin | UC131 | UC131 |
| 3-Methoxymorphinan hydrochloride | UC204 | M187 |
| 8-Methoxypsoralen, ≥98% (GC), powder | UC466 | M3501 |
| 2-Methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridyl-1-propanone, 96% | UC468 | 856525 |
| Midazolam hydrochloride | UC429 | UC429 |
| Midazolam-(methyl,1,3a,4-13C4-5-15N) maleate salt, ≥95% (excluding maleic acid, HPLC) | UC601 | UC601 |
| Monoacetyl dapsone | UC428 | UC428 |
| Morphine 3-β-D-glucuronide | UC172 | M6886 |
| Morphine 6-β-D-glucuronide hydrate, ≥90% (HPLC) | UC17 | M3528 |
| Morphine-3,6-diglucuronide tetrahydrate | UC161 | UC161 |
| Naloxone-3-glucuronide | UC322 | UC322 |
| Naloxone-3-glucuronide | UC322 | UC322 |
| Nifedipine, ≥98% (TLC), powder | UC182 | N7634 |
| (±)-Nirvanol | UC178 | UC178 |
| (R)-(−)-Nirvanol | UC179 | UC179 |
| (S)-(+)-Nirvanol | UC180 | UC180 |
| Oleandomycin triacetate | UC356 | T6514 |
| Omeprazole, solid | UC499 | O104 |
| Oxidized Nifedipine | UC167 | UC167 |
| Paclitaxel, from semisynthetic (from Taxus sp.), ≥97% | UC290 | T7191 |
| Paracetamol sulfate potassium salt | UC448 | UC448 |
| Phenacetin, powder | UC492 | A2500 |
| trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine hydrochloride | UC496 | P8511 |
| Phenyl-d5-7-hydroxywarfarin | UC602 | UC602 |
| Proadifen hydrochloride, ≥95% | UC292 | P1061 |
| Progesterone 11alpha-glucuronide | UC184 | UC184 |
| Progesterone, ≥99% | UC470 | P0130 |
| Progesterone, meets USP testing specifications | UC470 | P3972 |
| Quercetin dihydrate, ≥98% (HPLC), powder | UC469 | Q0125 |
| Quinidine, anhydrous | UC298 | Q3625 |
| Resorufin benzyl ether | UC453 | B1532 |
| Resorufin ethyl ether | UC335 | E3763 |
| Resorufin methyl ether | UC330 | M1544 |
| Resorufin pentyl ether | UC493 | P0928 |
| Resorufin sodium salt | UC358 | R3257 |
| Salicyl glucuronide disodium salt | UC407 | UC407 |
| Salicyl sulfate disodium salt | UC301 | UC301 |
| Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate, puriss. p.a., for the determination and separation of heavy metals, ACS reagent, ≥99.0% | UC357 | 71480 |
| Sulfaphenazole, ≥98% (HPLC) | UC166 | UC166 |
| Terfenadine | UC199 | T9652 |
| Terfenadine alcohol metabolite | UC206 | UC206 |
| Testosterone, ≥98% | UC339 | T1500 |
| Tolbutamide | UC294 | T0891 |
| Tramadol hydrochloride | UC456 | UC456 |
| (R)-(+)-Warfarin, ≥97% (HPLC) | UC213 | UC213 |
| (S)-(−)-Warfarin, ≥97% (HPLC) | UC214 | UC214 |
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