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Actin, beta (ACTB) - Homo sapiens
Beta Actin is a 42 kDa, 374 amino acids long protein coded by the ACTB gene (Gene map locus 7p15-p12 ) that is post-translationally modified (PTM) by N-terminal acetylation or arginylation, methylation (tele-His73) and tyrosine phosphorylation at multiple sites (Tyr166, Tyr218, Tyr294). Beta Actin is the monomeric (G-Actin) component of the two-stranded helix structural filament, filamentous actin (F-actin) found in the cytoplasm. It is a component of a variety of cytoskeletal structures involved in cellular process such as locomotion (cell migration), secretion, cytoplasmic streaming, phagocytosis, and cytokinesis.
It is one of six actin proteins coded by the highly conserved actin gene family. This family also includes: alpha skeletal, skActin (ACTA1); alpha cardiac, caActin, (ACTC1); alpha vascular, SMactin, (ACTA2); gamma 1, gamma(cyto) (ACTG1) and gamma enteric, SMGA (ACTG2) actin genes. Actin isotypes are sequence diverse primarily in their N-terminal regions. Beta Actin is so ubiquitous that it is considered a house-keeping protein and has historically been used as an internal standard for Western Blotting.
Mutations in beta Actin that alter filament depolymerization dymanics have recently been linked to developmental malformations and abnormalities such as dystonia, a neurological movement disorder.
Sigma offers antibodies and shRNAs useful for the study of ACTB gene products.
References:
Karakozova M, Kozak M, Wong CC, Bailey AO, Yates JR 3rd, Mogilner A, Zebroski H, Kashina A. (2006) Arginylation of beta-actin regulates actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. Science. 313: 192-6. Comment in: Science. 313: 180-1.
Kashina AS. (2006) Differential arginylation of actin isoforms: the mystery of the actin N-terminus. Trends Cell Biol. 16: 610-5.
Procaccio V, Salazar G, Ono S, Styers ML, Gearing M, Davila A, Jimenez R, Juncos J, Gutekunst CA, Meroni G, Fontanella B, Sontag E, Sontag JM, Faundez V, Wainer BH. (2006) A mutation of beta -actin that alters depolymerization dynamics is associated with autosomal dominant developmental malformations, deafness, and dystonia.
Am J Hum Genet. 78: 947-60.
Footnote: Gene Data Sources: HGNC, Entrez Gene, UniProt/Swiss-Prot, UniProt/TrEMBL, GDB, OMIM, GeneLoc, Ensembl.
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