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Analytical / Chromatography > Titration > HYDRANAL® Karl Fischer Reagents > Learning Center > Basics of Karl Fischer Titration > Reagents: Polar Substances
Chapter 3: Variations of Karl Fischer Titration

Reagents: Polar Substances


Formamide improves the solubility of polar substances in methanol and is therefore preferred for determination of water in carbohydrates, proteins and inorganic salts. Formamide also accelerates the extraction of water from solids and is used for the titration of foodstuffs and natural materials, as well as for titrations at elevated temperatures. HYDRANAL®-Formamide accelerates the course of the reaction. As it can also influence the stoichiometry of the Karl Fischer reaction, more than 50 % should not be added.



  • Overview of variations of Karl Fischer titration
  • Reagents for aldehydes and ketones
  • Reagents for non-polar substances
  • Reagents for acids and bases
  • Reagents for Karl Fischer Oven


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