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TNF - tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2)
Entrez Gene Name: tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2)
Synonyms: AT-TNF, DIF, Differentiation-induced Factor, MGC124630, MGC151434, RATTNF, TMTNF, TNF, TNF-ALPHA, TNFA, Tnfsf1a, TNFSF2

Gene Summary

  • Human (7124): This gene encodes a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Knockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine. [provided by RefSeq]
  • Rat (24835): acts as a cytokine; binds TNF receptors; plays a role in regulation of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inflammatory response [RGD]

Cell Regulation

Regulates:
  • NFkB
  • ICAM1
  • IL8
View all 1866 in IPA
Regulated by:
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • IFNG
  • IL10
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Binds:
  • TNFRSF1A
  • Tnf receptor
  • TNFRSF1B
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Role in cell:
  • apoptosis
  • activation
  • cell death
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Disease:
  • tumorigenesis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • infection
View all 194 in IPA

Biological Process

activation of caspase activity, activation of MAPK activity, anti-apoptosis, apoptosis, calcium-mediated signaling, cell activation, cell proliferation, cellular extravasation, chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus, defense response, defense response to bacterium, extracellular matrix organization, glucose metabolic process, humoral immune response, immune response, induction of apoptosis, induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals, induction of apoptosis via death domain receptors, inflammatory response, JNK cascade, leukocyte migration, leukocyte tethering or rolling, multicellular organismal development, negative regulation of cell proliferation, negative regulation of cytokine secretion during immune response, negative regulation of glucose import, negative regulation of interleukin-6 production, negative regulation of L-glutamate transport, negative regulation of lipid catabolic process, negative regulation of transcription, negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, negative regulation of viral genome replication, organ morphogenesis, osteoclast differentiation, positive regulation of apoptosis, positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity, positive regulation of cell proliferation, positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process, positive regulation of chemokine production, positive regulation of cytokine secretion, positive regulation of gene-specific transcription, positive regulation of hair follicle development, positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion, positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade, positive regulation of inflammatory response, positive regulation of interleukin-18 production, positive regulation of interleukin-6 production, positive regulation of JNK cascade, positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis, positive regulation of mitosis, positive regulation of necrotic cell death, positive regulation of neuron apoptosis, positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus, positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity, positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process, positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation, positive regulation of protein transport, positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, positive regulation of synaptic transmission, positive regulation of transcription, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, positive regulation of translational initiation by iron, positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process, protein import into nucleus, translocation, receptor biosynthetic process, regulation of cell proliferation, regulation of immunoglobulin secretion, regulation of insulin secretion, regulation of osteoclast differentiation, regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation, response to glucocorticoid stimulus, response to mechanical stimulus, response to salt stress, response to virus, sequestering of triglyceride, signal transduction, transformed cell apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Cellular Components

external side of plasma membrane, extracellular region, extracellular space, integral to membrane, integral to plasma membrane, membrane, membrane raft, phagocytic cup, plasma membrane, recycling endosome, secretory granule

Literature References

  • 16418393Masumoto J, Yang K, Varambally S, Hasegawa M, Tomlins SA, Qiu S, Fujimoto Y, Kawasaki A, Foster SJ, Horie Y, Mak TW, Núñez G, Chinnaiyan AM, Fukase K, Inohara N. Nod1 acts as an intracellular receptor to stimulate chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment in vivo.J Exp Med 2006 Jan 23;203(1):203-13
  • 16226509Banerjee D, Liou HC, Sen R. c-Rel-Dependent Priming of Naive T Cells by Inflammatory Cytokines.Immunity 2005 Oct 01;23(4):445-58
  • 15879558Luecke HF, Yamamoto KR. The glucocorticoid receptor blocks P-TEFb recruitment by NF{kappa}B to effect promoter-specific transcriptional repression.Genes Dev 2005 May 01;19(9):1116-27
  • View 31885 categorized literature findings and their references in IPA

Molecular Functions

cytokine activity, identical protein binding, protein binding, tumor necrosis factor receptor binding

Pathways

Protein Domains

cytokine, Lectin-like domain, protein self binding, TNF homology domain, tumor necrosis factor receptor binding

Subcellular Locations

apical cell surfaces, cell surface, cellular membrane, cytoplasm, extracellular space, Golgi apparatus, granules, intracellular space, microdomains, plasma, plasma membrane