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Description	Biochem/physiol Actions	Product #
Botulinum Toxin A from Clostridium botulinum lyophilized powder	Neurotoxin that inhibits release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla; blocks release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.	B8776
Cholera Toxin from Vibrio cholerae ~95% (SDS-PAGE), lyophilized powder, 1 × 10⁵-1 × 10⁶ units/mg protein	Toxin consisting of an A subunit (27 kDa) surrounded by five B subunits (approximately 12 kDa each), which attach the toxin to ganglioside GM₁ on the cell surface. The A subunit catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gα_s), reducing GTPase activity and activating the α-subunit. This activation of Gα_s leads to an increase in the activity of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of cAMP. Also ADP-ribosylates transducin in the eye rod outer segments, inactivating its GTPase activity. Cholera toxin has also been reported to ADP-ribosylate tubulin. Shown to be a potent mucosal vaccine adjuvant, inducing T helper cell type 2 responses by inhibiting the production of interleukin-12.	C8052
Cholera Toxin A Subunit from Vibrio cholerae lyophilized powder	Catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of the α-subunit of G proteins, reducing GTPase activity and activating the α-subunit; also catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of cell membrane adenylyl cyclase	C8180
Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae solid	Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM₁, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM₁ on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.	C167
Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae FITC conjugate, lyophilized powder	Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM₁, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM₁ on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.	C1655
Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae ≥95% (SDS-PAGE), lyophilized powder	Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM₁, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM₁ on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.	C9903
Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae biotin conjugate, lyophilized powder	Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM₁, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM₁ on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.	C9972
Clostridium difficile Toxin A lyophilized powder	Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B, cation-dependent UDP-glucose glucosyltransferases, are cellular toxins that inactivate Rho (and Rho family small GTPases) through monoglucosylation of these family members. Effects of this monoglucosylation include disregulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell rounding, cytotoxicity, and altered cellular signaling. Rho proteins are monoglucosylated by Toxin A and B using UDP-glucose as a cosubstrate. Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are included in the Rho subfamilies targeted by both toxins. Low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins that are not modified by Toxin A and B include Ras, Rab, Arf, or Ran subfamilies as well as heterotrimeric G proteins.	C3977
Clostridium difficile Toxin B lyophilized powder	Toxin B is 100-1,000-fold more cytotoxic than toxin A in inducing rounding-up of cells and destruction of the actin cytoskeleton. Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B, cation-dependent UDP-glucose glucosyltransferases, are cellular toxins that inactivate Rho (and Rho family small GTPases) through monoglucosylation of these family members. Effects of this monoglucosylation include disregulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell rounding, cytotoxicity, and altered cellular signaling. Rho proteins are monoglucosylated by Toxin A and B using UDP-glucose as a cosubstrate. Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are included in the Rho subfamilies targeted by both toxins. Low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins that are not modified by Toxin A and B include Ras, Rab, Arf, or Ran subfamilies as well as heterotrimeric G proteins.	C4102
Diphtheria Toxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae lyophilized powder	Inhibits protein synthesis by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic aminoacyltransferase II.	D0564
[Glu⁵²]-Diphtheria toxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae lyophilized powder		D2189
Microcystin LR from Microcystis aeruginosa ≥95% (HPLC), solid film	Potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase Types 1 and 2A; has no effect on protein kinase. Hepatic tumor promoter in experimental animal model.¹	M2912
Pasteurella multocida toxin lyophilized powder		P5806
Pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis buffered aqueous glycerol solution	Pertussis toxin catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of the α subunits of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins G_i, G_o, and G_t. This prevents the G protein heterotrimers from interacting with receptors, thus blocking their coupling and activation. Since the G_α subunits remain in their GDP-bound, inactive state, they are unable to inactivate adenylyl cyclase or open K⁺ channels.	P2980
Pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis lyophilized powder	Pertussis toxin catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of the α subunits of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins G_i, G_o, and G_t. This prevents the G protein heterotrimers from interacting with receptors, thus blocking their coupling and activation. Since the G_α subunits remain in their GDP-bound, inactive state, they are unable to inactivate adenylyl cyclase or open K⁺ channels.	P7208
Pertussis toxin B oligomer solid	Subunit of pertussis toxin responsible for binding to cell surfaces; stimulates both platelet aggregation and cytosolic Ca²⁺ level elevation, may also activate phospholipase C; isolated from B pertussis strain 165.	P159
Pseudomonas exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa lyophilized powder	Shown to be toxic to animals and to cell lines, and to inhibit protein synthesis via ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2.	P0184
Sarafotoxin S6b Atractaspis engaddensis sequence ≥90% (HPLC)	ET_A agonist; increases intracellular Ca²⁺	S4146
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A from Staphylococcus aureus	A super antigen for T-lymphocytes	S9399
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B from Staphylococcus aureus	A superantigen for T-lymphocytes.	S4881
Streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes γ-irradiated	Thiol-activated toxin that permeabilizes animal cell membranes. The protein binds as a monomer to membrane cholesterol and subsequently polymerizes into large arc- and ring-shaped structures surrounding pores of >12 nm.	S0149
Streptonigrin from Streptomyces flocculus ≥98%	Streptonigrin (SN) is an aminoquinone antitumour antibiotic. Its antineoplastic activity requires reductive activation by Xanthine-converting enzymes. It induces apoptosis by a mechanism involving NF-κB. DNA cleavage reaction and chromosome damage by SN are influenced by the nature of the metal ion present and dependent on the production of free radicals. Its antibiotic activity is iron-activated.	S1014
Tetanolysin from Clostridium tetani	Cholesterol-binding toxin used to permeabilize cellular membranes to enhance the entry of macromolecules into the interior of the cell. Pores induced reported to be in the range of 20-50 nm.	T5319
Tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani	Binds to polysialogangliosides acceptors on surface of all peripheral presynaptic nerve terminals. Internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and carried to spinal cord and brain by transsynaptic retrograde transport. Blocks the release of glycine from inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord. Cleaves synaptobrevin (VAMP-2), and blocks synaptic vesicle exocytosis in vivo.	T3194
Tetanus toxin C fragment from Clostridium tetani		T3694
Tetanus toxin C-fragment−FITC from Clostridium tetani	C terminal portion conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate is taken up by persynaptic nerve terminals and exhibits transsynaptic retrograde transport in central neurons similar to that of tetanus toxin. It is used to map neuronal connections and to target proteins to neurons	T3819
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 from Staphylococcus aureus	Superantigen for T-lymphocytes.	T5662
Verotoxin 2 from Escherichia coli, solution	Verotoxin-2 is a Shiga-like toxin produced by E. coli that epidemiologically is a more important than verotoxin-1 in the development of hemolytic uremia. It is composed of an A subunit that confers its biological activity and a B polypeptide pentamer binds to the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) receptor inducing its cellular uptake by endocytosis. The A subunit has N-glycosidase activity and cleaves an specific adenine residue in the 28S ribosome thus inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotes by blocking the interaction with elongation factors EF-1 and EF-2. Epidemiologically it is more important than verotoxin-1 in the development of hemolytic uremia. The A subunit has N-glycosidase activity, cleaves a specific adenine residue in the 28S ribosome thus inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotes by blocking the interaction with elongation factors EF-1 and EF-2. The B polypeptide pentamer binds to the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) receptor inducing its cellular uptake by endocytosis.	V2513

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