ATF-2 human ≥90% (SDS-PAGE), recombinant, expressed in Escherichia coli, lyophilized powder
ATF-2 is a member of the leucine zipper protein family which regulates gene transcription by interacting with ATF/cAMP-response elements of genes. The transcriptional activity of ATF-2 is stimulated by phosphorylation of the amino acid residues threonine 69 and threonine 71, carried out by stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs) including JNK and p38 MAP kinase.
EGR-1 Protein human recombinant, expressed in Sf9 cells
EGR (Early Growth Response) proteins represent a family of transcription factors involved in cell cycle regulation. They contain three, nearly identical DNA-binding zinc finger regions, each possessing a unique flanking region. EGR-1, -2, -3, and -4, bind the EGR-consensus sequence GCG T/GGG GCG, however the individual proteins show differing binding affinities.
EGR-3 Protein human recombinant, expressed in Sf9 cells
EGR (Early Growth Response) proteins represent a family of transcription factors involved in cell cycle regulation. They contain three, nearly identical DNA-binding zinc finger regions, each possessing a unique flanking region. EGR-1, -2, -3, and -4, bind the EGR-consensus sequence GCG T/GGG GCG, however the individual proteins show differing binding affinities.
HMG-1 human lyophilized powder, ≥90% (SDS-PAGE), Histidine-tagged, recombinant, expressed in Escherichia coli
HMG-1, a prevalent non-histone chromatin component, is a non-sequence specific DNA binding protein. It participates in the regulation of chromatin structure as well as being involved (either as a positive or negative factor) with various aspects of DNA replication, transcription, repair and ligation. In addition, HMG-1 has been identified as a membrane associated protein termed "amphoterin" that mediates neurite outgrowth, tumor outgrowth and metastasis and participates in plasminogen activation. It is also recognized as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. HMG-1 is a highly conserved protein with more than 95% amino acid identity between rodent and human.
The L-JNKi 1 and the protease resistant, all-D retro-inverso form, D-JNKi peptides represent the only potent inhibitors specific for JNK (JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3). Different from chemical inhibitors that directly affect kinase activity e.g. by competing with the ATP-binding site of the protein kinase, they rather inhibit the interaction between JNK and its substrate, resulting in a JNK K.O. phenotype. In contrast to pure diffusion they are actively transported into cells, where they remain until their proteolytic degradation. The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK1, 2, 3), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily, are activated by a wide variety of extracellular stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, heat shock and ischemia.
Targets of JNKs are mostly transcription factors, including c-Jun, activating transcription factor(ATF) 2, and ETS-containing factors such as Elk1. Other targets having function regulated by JNK-mediated phosphorylation include insulin receptor substrate 1 and Bcl-2.
Oltipraz is an activator of Nrf2. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is a transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response elements (AREs) and activates these genes. Oltipraz activates Nrf2 and subsequently elevates expression of the detoxification genes encoding anti-oxidant and multidrug resistance-associated proteins to mediate its chemopreventive efficacy.
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