Signaling by Inositol Phospholipids When bound by nerve growth factor (NGF), the high affinity NGF receptor, TrkA, autophosphorylates tyrosine residues in its cytoplasmic domain. The activated receptor binds to and activates phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ), which cleaves membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate D-myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 diffuses from the plasma membrane to its receptor on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is coupled to a Ca2+-release channel in the ER membrane. There it stimulates the release of Ca2+ from ER stores resulting in an increase in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+. Cytosolic Ca2+ is then available for binding to calmodulin or to various Ca2+-binding cytoskeletal proteins involved in microtubule and intermediate filament formation. Many of the enzymatic effects of the released Ca2+ are mediated through protein phosphorylations catalyzed by a family of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinases (CaMK-II/IV). References: Carpenter, G., and Ji, Q.S., Phospholipase C-gamma as a signal-transducing element. Exp. Cell Res. 253, 15-24 (1999). Patel, S., et al., Molecular properties of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Cell Calcium 25, 247-264 (1999). Takei, K., et al., Regulation of nerve growth mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in growth cones. Science 282, 1705-1708 (1998).
L-α-Lysophosphatidylcholine from bovine brain ≥99%, Type V
Lysophosphatidylcholine is a major component of oxidized low density lipoproteins, and has been implicated in various inflammatory reactions, including atherosclerosis. It is a degradation product of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A and has cytolytic properties. The product is used to demyelinate spinal neurons and study the processes underlying remyelination. It activates protein kinase C, p38 MAP kinase, p42 MAP Kinase, and the jun kinase (JNK) pathway, and stimulates transcription of c-jun. Lysophosphatidylcholine accumulates during cardiac ischemia and may induce arrhythmias by uncoupling gap junction communication, and increase ischemic damage by enhancing Na+ loading in cardiac myocytes. It also activates TREK1, TREK2 and TRAAK K+ channels.
Cardiolipin solution from bovine heart 4.7-5.3 mg/mL in ethanol, ≥97% (TLC)
Cardiolipin is a mitochondrial phospholipid that is found in mammalian tissues in low concentrations. It is often a membrane component. Inhibits cell attachment of fibronectin, vitronectin and Type I collagen.
Miltefosine or HePC induces death of triple-negative (TN) breast cancer cells. Miltefosine exerts various modes of action leading to different cell death processes, i.e. apoptosis or non-apoptosis, depending on TN breast cancer cell types. These processes involve the activation of p38 MAPK pathway and differential down regulation of Akt signaling. Miltefosine has been used for breast cancer skin metastases, and is an efficient topical anti-tumoral treatment in patients with cutaneous lymphoma, cutaneous metastases of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Oleoyl-L-α-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt ≥98%, solid
Endogenous agonist for LPA1 and LPA2 receptors. LPA does not induce angiogenesis, but has effects on endothelial cell physiology that are similar to those of sphingosine 1-phosphate. Induces cell migration of cancer and non-cancer cells.
;)
Description 
