Anticonvulsant agent that is an allosteric antagonist at the NR2B subunit of the NMDA glutamate receptor; also has γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor agonist properties.
Anticonvulsant with unknown mechanism of action; crosses the blood brain barrier; increases GABA concentrations in the brain and reduces excitatory amino acid neurotransmission, perhaps through its effects on voltage-gated calcium channels; exhibits antinociceptive, anxiolytic, neuroprotective and anti-epileptic effects.
Levetiracetam is a pyrrolidine with antiepileptic activity. Stereoselective binding of levetiracetam was confined to synaptic plasma membranes in the central nervous system with no binding occurring in peripheral tissue. Levetiracetam inhibits burst firing without affecting normal neuronal excitability, which suggests that it may selectively prevent hyper-synchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity.
Pregabalin is a lipophilic GABA analog/ligand at α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant, anxiolytic analgesic used to treat peripheral neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia.
Valpromide (VPD) is a derivative of valproic acid (VPA) and is used as an antiepileptic drug. It is hydrolyzed quickly to VPA in vivo, but has intrinsic anticonvulsant activity.
Zonisamide sodium salt is an anti-epileptic. It is effective in various animal epilepsy models and humans with both partial and generalized epileptic seizures. Zonisamide sodium salt also scavenges nitric oxide (NO).
