L-BMAA is a neurotoxic amino acid originally isolated from Cycas circinalis, which may cause Guam disease, a form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Aflatoxin B1 from Aspergillus flavus from Aspergillus flavus
Hepatocarcinogen. Food contaminant produced by Aspergillus flavus, a common soil fungus. Aflatoxin is biotransformed to genotoxic intermediates by P450 Phase I enzymes, mainly CYP3A4 via aflatoxin B1 3-hydroxylation. Detoxification depends on Phase II enzymes, such as Glutathione S-Transferase and AFB(1)-aldehyde reductase (AFAR).
Cardiotoxin 1 from Naja naja atra (Formosan Cobra)
Cardiotoxin I is the component of the snake venom that is responsible for skeletal muscle necrosis. It also induces increases in capillary permeability that can be prevented by H1 histamine receptor antagonists, such as dephenhydramine, promethazine and cyproheptadine. This indicates that cardiotoxin may induce histamine release.
Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae peroxidase conjugate (Contains ~ 2 moles HRP/mole of CTB. ~100µg HRP conjugated to ~45µg CTB), lyophilized powder
Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM1, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM1 on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.
Philanthotoxin 433 tris(trifluoroacetate) salt ≥98% (HPLC), solid
Philanthotoxin 433 is a polyamine-containing toxin, which blocks NMDA-gated ion channels; originally isolated from the venom of the wasp Philanthus triangulum.
Long chain post-synaptic neurotoxin that binds nicotinic receptors and blocks cholinergic neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction; binding is irreversible.
Neurotoxin from the venom of the black widow spider Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus; binds to the presynaptic membrane of cholinergic neurons and stimulates neurotransmitter release.
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