| B8776 | Botulinum Toxin A from Clostridium botulinum lyophilized powder | Neurotoxin that inhibits release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla; blocks release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.
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| C8052 | Cholera Toxin from Vibrio cholerae ~95% (SDS-PAGE), lyophilized powder, 1 × 105-1 × 106 units/mg protein | Toxin consisting of an A subunit (27 kDa) surrounded by five B subunits (approximately 12 kDa each), which attach the toxin to ganglioside GM1 on the cell surface. The A subunit catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of the α-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gαs), reducing GTPase activity and activating the α-subunit. This activation of Gαs leads to an increase in the activity of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of cAMP. Also ADP-ribosylates transducin in the eye rod outer segments, inactivating its GTPase activity. Cholera toxin has also been reported to ADP-ribosylate tubulin. Shown to be a potent mucosal vaccine adjuvant, inducing T helper cell type 2 responses by inhibiting the production of interleukin-12.
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| C8180 | Cholera Toxin A Subunit from Vibrio cholerae lyophilized powder | Catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of the α-subunit of G proteins, reducing GTPase activity and activating the α-subunit; also catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of cell membrane adenylyl cyclase
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| C9903 | Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae ≥95% (SDS-PAGE), lyophilized powder | Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM1, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM1 on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.
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| C1655 | Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae FITC conjugate, lyophilized powder | Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM1, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM1 on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.
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| C9972 | Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae biotin conjugate, lyophilized powder | Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM1, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM1 on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.
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| C167 | Cholera Toxin B Subunit from Vibrio cholerae solid | Cholera toxin subunit that attaches to cells by binding to ganglioside GM1, a ubiquitous glycolipid cell surface receptor. The B subunit has been shown to activate arachidonic acid metabolism. Stimulates proliferation of pneumocyte type II cells and fibroblasts by causing an influx of calcium from extracellular sources through a cAMP-independent mechanism. Reported to be both an excellent retrograde and anterograde tracer for the study of axonal transport using immunohistochemical methods. Also shown to be a good label for microglial cells (due to the enrichment of ganglioside GM1 on their cell surface) but not for oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.
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| C3977 | Clostridium difficile Toxin A lyophilized powder | Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B, cation-dependent UDP-glucose glucosyltransferases, are cellular toxins that inactivate Rho (and Rho family small GTPases) through monoglucosylation of these family members. Effects of this monoglucosylation include disregulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell rounding, cytotoxicity, and altered cellular signaling. Rho proteins are monoglucosylated by Toxin A and B using UDP-glucose as a cosubstrate. Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are included in the Rho subfamilies targeted by both toxins. Low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins that are not modified by Toxin A and B include Ras, Rab, Arf, or Ran subfamilies as well as heterotrimeric G proteins.
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| C4102 | Clostridium difficile Toxin B lyophilized powder | Toxin B is 100-1,000-fold more cytotoxic than toxin A in inducing rounding-up of cells and destruction of the actin cytoskeleton.
Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B, cation-dependent UDP-glucose glucosyltransferases, are cellular toxins that inactivate Rho (and Rho family small GTPases) through monoglucosylation of these family members. Effects of this monoglucosylation include disregulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell rounding, cytotoxicity, and altered cellular signaling. Rho proteins are monoglucosylated by Toxin A and B using UDP-glucose as a cosubstrate. Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are included in the Rho subfamilies targeted by both toxins. Low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins that are not modified by Toxin A and B include Ras, Rab, Arf, or Ran subfamilies as well as heterotrimeric G proteins.
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| D0564 | Diphtheria Toxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae lyophilized powder | Inhibits protein synthesis by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of eukaryotic aminoacyltransferase II.
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| E5763 | Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin STa lyophilized powder, ~100,000 units/mg protein (HPLC) | STa has a tertiary structure, maintained by disulfide bridges, which is required for receptor binding and biological activity. Its receptors are membrane-bound guanylyl cyclases. These receptors are located on enterocytes, colonocytes, and various extraintestinal tissues. STa causes diarrhea in humans by binding to its receptor, stimulating the guanylyl cyclase, and triggering production of cyclic GMP. Endogenous ligands for the STa receptor include guanylin, extracted from intestine, and uroguanylin from urine. These peptides may have a role in the regulation of fluid and electrolytes. Protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylates and activates the STa receptor/guanylyl cyclase in vitro and in vivo. As a result, stimulators of PKC synergistically enhance STa effects on cGMP and secretion.
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| M2912 | Microcystin LR from Microcystis aeruginosa ≥95% (HPLC), solid film | Potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase Types 1 and 2A; has no effect on protein kinase. Hepatic tumor promoter in experimental animal model.1
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| P5806 | Pasteurella multocida toxin lyophilized powder | | pricing |
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| P159 | Pertussis toxin B oligomer solid | Subunit of pertussis toxin responsible for binding to cell surfaces; stimulates both platelet aggregation and cytosolic Ca2+ level elevation, may also activate phospholipase C; isolated from B pertussis strain 165.
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| P2980 | Pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis buffered aqueous glycerol solution | Pertussis toxin catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of the α subunits of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins Gi, Go, and Gt. This prevents the G protein heterotrimers from interacting with receptors, thus blocking their coupling and activation. Since the Gα subunits remain in their GDP-bound, inactive state, they are unable to inactivate adenylyl cyclase or open K+ channels.
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| P7208 | Pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis lyophilized powder | Pertussis toxin catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of the α subunits of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins Gi, Go, and Gt. This prevents the G protein heterotrimers from interacting with receptors, thus blocking their coupling and activation. Since the Gα subunits remain in their GDP-bound, inactive state, they are unable to inactivate adenylyl cyclase or open K+ channels.
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| P0184 | Pseudomonas exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa lyophilized powder | Shown to be toxic to animals and to cell lines, and to inhibit protein synthesis via ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2.
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| S4146 | Sarafotoxin S6b Atractaspis engaddensis sequence ≥90% (HPLC) | ETA agonist; increases intracellular Ca2+
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| S9399 | Staphylococcal enterotoxin A from Staphylococcus aureus | A super antigen for T-lymphocytes
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| S4881 | Staphylococcal enterotoxin B from Staphylococcus aureus | A superantigen for T-lymphocytes.
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| S0149 | Streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes γ-irradiated | Thiol-activated toxin that permeabilizes animal cell membranes. The protein binds as a monomer to membrane cholesterol and subsequently polymerizes into large arc- and ring-shaped structures surrounding pores of >12 nm.
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| S1014 | Streptonigrin from Streptomyces flocculus ≥98% | Streptonigrin (SN) is an aminoquinone antitumour antibiotic. Its antineoplastic activity requires reductive activation by Xanthine-converting enzymes. It induces apoptosis by a mechanism involving NF-κB. DNA cleavage reaction and chromosome damage by SN are influenced by the nature of the metal ion present and dependent on the production of free radicals. Its antibiotic activity is iron-activated.
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| T5319 | Tetanolysin from Clostridium tetani | Cholesterol-binding toxin used to permeabilize cellular membranes to enhance the entry of macromolecules into the interior of the cell. Pores induced reported to be in the range of 20-50 nm.
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| T3694 | Tetanus toxin C fragment from Clostridium tetani | | pricing |
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| T3194 | Tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani | Binds to polysialogangliosides acceptors on surface of all peripheral presynaptic nerve terminals. Internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and carried to spinal cord and brain by transsynaptic retrograde transport. Blocks the release of glycine from inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord. Cleaves synaptobrevin (VAMP-2), and blocks synaptic vesicle exocytosis in vivo.
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| T5662 | Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 from Staphylococcus aureus | Superantigen for T-lymphocytes.
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| V7755 | Verruculogen from Penicillium verruculosum ~95% | A neurotoxin produced as a secondary metabolite of Aspergillus fumigatus. Inhibits Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Arrests the cell cycle in M phase.
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| D2189 | [Glu52]-Diphtheria toxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae lyophilized powder | | pricing |
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