[Direkt zum Inhalt](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#main-content) [![Merck](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/static/logos/purple/merck.svg)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de) Produkte Warenkorb0 ATDE Produkte [Anmelden / Registrieren](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/oidc-sign-in) [Bestellungssuche](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/order-lookup) [Schnelleinkauf](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/quick-order) Warenkorb0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en)[MILLIPLEX® Multiplex Assays for Luminex® Instruments](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/milliplex-multiplex-assays-for-luminex-technology)Multiplexed Myokine Analysis: Simultaneously Measure Multiple Muscle-Secreted Factors # Multiplexed Myokine Analysis: Simultaneously Measure Multiple Muscle-Secreted Factors __Section Overview__ - [What Are Myokines?](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#what-are-myokines) - [Myokine Multiplex Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#myokine-analysis) - [Methods](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#methods) - [Multiplex Results](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#results) - [Summary](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#summary) - [Related Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#rel-products) - [Myokine Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#myokine-assays) - [Aging Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#aging-assays) - [References](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#ref) [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) The diverse systems of myokines are involved in various signaling pathways. Multiplex myokine immunoassays, such as the MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel, allow researchers to simultaneously measure multiple muscle-secreted factors, providing more insights into related diseases. ## What Are Myokines? Skeletal muscle is actively involved in the synthesis and secretion of many proteins collectively termed "myokines". 1 Myokines can act in autocrine and/or paracrine manners to regulate skeletal muscle metabolism, muscle proliferation, and muscle differentiation (muscle growth), as shown in Figure 1.   ![Diagram showing the myokine signaling pathway. Myokines, secreted by skeletal muscle, signal to diverse organs, including the liver, pancreas, bone, and circulatory system. The precise mechanisms by which angiogenesis is upregulated are still being studied. Adapted from Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Apr 3; 8(8): 457 – 65.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/product-supporting/milliplex/skeletal-muscle-chart.jpg "Myokine Signaling") __Figure 1.__ Myokines, secreted by skeletal muscle, signal to diverse organs, including the liver, pancreas, bone, and circulatory system. The precise mechanisms by which angiogenesis is upregulated are still being studied. Adapted from Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Apr 3; 8(8): 457 – 65. 1 Myokines can also act as endocrine hormones in altering cell metabolism, endothelial function, and tumor growth/retardation. These myokines are also involved in inflammatory responses in a wide variety of tissues, including the heart, adipose tissue, breast, colon, liver, intestine, endothelium, bone, and skeletal muscle. Emerging evidence supports the fact that the anti-inflammatory, disease-fighting effects of exercise may be mediated by these myokines, and that myokine signaling pathways intersect with innate immunity, neurological signaling, and insulin response.2,3 Additionally, the progressive loss of skeletal muscle function and mass, sarcopenia, is a serious feature of senescence, or aging, and a key component of geriatric syndromes which include functional decline and delirium. Growing evidence suggests that muscle-derived growth factors and cytokines, aka myokines, modulate the progression of age-related diseases and contribute to the inter-tissue communication that underlies systemic aging. [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ## Myokine Multiplex Analysis The increasing requirement to quantify myokines in preclinical and translational research models has created the need for multiplex immunoassays in this research. Multiplex analysis of myokines allows researchers to simultaneously measure multiple myokines. For example, the MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel is a 15-plex kit designed for the simultaneous quantification of any or all of the following analytes in serum or plasma samples, which have the indicated biological functions described in __Table 1.__   | | | | |--------------|------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Abbreviation | Analyte | Function | | __APLN__ | Apelin | The function of apelin depends on the tissue in which it is being expressed. Apelin regulates blood pressure in vascular tissue, heart contractions in cardiac tissue, food and water intake in the brain, and glucose uptake and insulin inhibition in the digestive tract. | | __BDNF__ | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | Associated with long-term memory, BDNF secretion increases in response to exercise. | | __EPO__ | Erythropoietin | Because it stimulates red blood cell production, it may be administered to athletes to increase oxygen supply to the body, ostensibly improving performance. | | __FABP3__ | Fatty acid-binding protein 3 | This myokine is produced by heart muscle tissue and regulates cardiac uptake of long-chain fatty acids. It is a reliable and early biomarker of myocardial infarction and acute coronary events. | | __FGF-21__ | Fibroblast growth factor 21 | FGF-21 is activated by Akt and is a metabolism-regulating hormone and myokine. | | N/A | __Irisin__ | The cleaved and secreted portion of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) - The once-debated function of irisin has now been settled by a proteomics study using tandem mass spectrometry.4 Irisin levels increase in response to exercise and may mediate the browning of white fat. | | __FSTL1__ | Follistatin-related protein 1 | Regulated by nitric oxide signaling, FSTL1 induces the growth of new blood vessels in muscle and protects cardiac myocytes from ischemic-induced apoptosis. | | __CX3CL__ | Fractalkine | CX3CL1 is a chemokine protein expressed on monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and smooth muscle cells. It has recently been associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes. | | __IL-6__ | Interleukin 6 | IL-6 is, in a way, a “master myokine,” in that it regulates multiple, divergent processes in response to exercise, ranging from glucose production, fat oxidation, and lipolysis. IL-6 also regulates the immune response to exercise and triggers anti-inflammatory signaling. | | __IL-15__ | Interleukin 15 | IL-15 regulates T and NK cell activation and proliferation. As a myokine, it significantly reduces visceral fat. | | __LIF__ | Leukemia inhibitory factor | This protein inhibits differentiation and may activate cardiac and muscle stem cells in response to exercise. | | __GDF8__ | Growth differentiation factor 8 (Myostatin) | In a feedback loop, myostatin inhibits the growth of muscle cells and blocks the differentiation of stem cells toward muscle lineages. | | __OSM__ | Oncostatin M | Oncostatin is in the IL-6 family of cytokines and likely shares functions of IL-6, particularly in the regulation of inflammation. | | __OSTN__ | Osteocrin (Musclin) | The main role of musclin is in the regulation of glucose metabolism. | | __SPARC__ | Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Osteonectin) | SPARC is a myokine that blocks tumor progression in the colon by inducing apoptosis, in response to exercise. | __Table 1.__ Analytes in the MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel and their biological functions. * * * [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ## Methods Multiplex assays using the standards included in the assay kit, as well as serum and plasma samples, were conducted using the [MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Magnetic Bead Panel](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/product/mm/hmyomag56k), following the instructions in the included protocol. Capture antibody-coated beads were incubated with samples to immobilize the analyte. The biotinylated detection antibody was added. This detection antibody binds to the analyte to form a sandwich. Streptavidin-phycoerythrin (SA-PE) dye was added so it could bind to the sandwich and emit fluorescent light. [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ## Multiplex Results Using standards for each analyte serially diluted in serum matrix, standard curves were prepared to determine the assay response (measured in Mean Fluorescence Intensity \[MFI] with respect to analyte concentration). The standard curves established that the assay generated linear MFI response over 3 to 5 orders of magnitude for all analytes (__Figure 2__).   ![Graph showing the standard curves in the MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel. Using standards for each analyte serially diluted in the validated serum matrix, standard curves were prepared to determine the assay response with respect to the analyte concentration. The standard curves established the linearity of the assay over three to four orders of magnitude for all analytes. The concentrations of analyte were measured in MFI.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/product-supporting/milliplex/human-myokine-pane-graph.jpg "MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel Standard Curves") __Figure 2.__ Using standards for each analyte serially diluted in the validated serum matrix, standard curves were prepared to determine the assay response with respect to the analyte concentration. The standard curves established the linearity of the assay over three to four orders of magnitude for all analytes. The concentrations of analyte were measured in MFI. * * *   ### Cross-Reactivity No significant cross-reactivity was seen within the panel. Most of the antibodies in this human myokine panel can recognize monkey samples, except Fractalkine, LIF, and IL-6. The following cross-reactivity was found: - Apelin cross-reacts with mouse, dog, rabbit, and minipig. - BDNF cross-reacts with mouse and rabbit. - EPO cross-reacts with dog and rabbit. - IL-15 cross-reacts with horse. - Myostatin cross-reacts with dog, minipig, and horse. - FABP3 cross-reacts with rat, rabbit, minipig, and horse. - FSTL1 cross-reacts with mouse, rabbit, minipig, and horse. - OSM cross-reacts with dog and minipig. - FGF-21 cross-reacts with dog, minipig, and horse. Note that only a limited amount of normal samples were tested in this study, and we could not rule out the possible cross-reactivity in other normal or disease samples. ### Spike Recovery Known amounts of each analyte (points 3, 4, 5 on the standard curves) were spiked into normal human serum/plasma samples. Percent recovery was calculated using the following equation: Calculated concentration of analyte / Expected concentration \*100 Recovery of all spiked samples was between 70% and 130%. ### Consistency and Accuracy with Other Multiplex Panels To test the consistency and accuracy between MILLIPLEX® assays, we compared the quantitation of analytes existing in both this human myokine panel and other MILLIPLEX® panels. All the standard curves showed an overlapping response and analyte concentrations calculated in biological samples correlated very well. For example, FGF-21 and FABP3 sample values were measured using both the MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel, and the MILLIPLEX® Human Liver Protein and Human CVD1 Panels. Standard curves were created using standards of purified FGF-21. FABP3 from two panels showed overlapping assay response and linear range of the assays. Assay correlation was excellent, with the slope and R-value approaching unity (__Figure 3__).   ![Graph showing MFI values for comparing multiplex assays. Comparison of the MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel with the MILLIPLEX® Liver Panel and MILLIPLEX® CVD Panel for the measurement of FGF21 (top) and FABP3 (bottom) respectively.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/product-supporting/milliplex/myokine-panel-graphs.jpg "Consistency Comparison with the MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel and Other MILLIPLEX® Assays") __Figure 3.__ Comparison of the [MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/product/mm/hmyomag56k) with the [MILLIPLEX® Liver Panel](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/product/mm/hlppmag57k) and [MILLIPLEX®CVD Panel](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/product/mm/hcvd1mag67k) for the measurement of FGF-21 (top) and FABP3 (bottom) respectively. In addition to FGF-21 and FABP3, we have compared the same analytes in this human myokine panel with other MILLIPLEX® panels. All the standard curves showed overlapping responses and analyte concentrations that correlated very well with biological samples (data not shown). ### Normal vs. Sepsis Samples Finally, biological qualification of the assay panel was performed using serum/plasma samples from healthy subjects and from those with sepsis. As expected, 15 novel myokines were simultaneously quantified by the assay. FABP3, Irisin, FSTL1, OSM, IL-6, FGF-21, and Musclin were significantly upregulated in sepsis samples (__Table 2__).   ### Normal Sample Summary Data \[pg/mL] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |------------------|--------|-------------|---------|--------|---------|--------|--------|-----------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------| | | Apelin | Fractalkine | BDNF | EPO | SPARC | LIF | IL-15 | Myostatin | FABP3 | Irisin | FSTL1 | OSM | IL-6 | FGF-21 | Musclin | | N | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | | Average | 228 | 101 | 9,548 | 1,239 | 425,343 | 10 | 3 | 8,625 | 1,943 | 495 | 6,491 | 13 | 3 | 134 | 150 | | Min | 0 | 0 | 350 | 0 | 169,720 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 740 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Max | 420 | 260 | 20,480 | 3,460 | 739,890 | 30 | 20 | 40,110 | 3,110 | 2,370 | 17,170 | 37 | 9 | 570 | 790 | | __% Detectable__ | __88__ | __88__ | __100__ | __63__ | __100__ | __50__ | __13__ | __38__ | __100__ | __38__ | __88__ | __75__ | __88__ | __63__ | __50__ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Sepsis Sample Summary Data \[pg/mL] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |------------------|--------|-------------|---------|--------|-----------|--------|--------|-----------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------| | | Apelin | Fractalkine | BDNF | EPO | SPARC | LIF | IL-15 | Myostatin | FABP3 | Irisin | FSTL1 | OSM | IL-6 | FGF-21 | Musclin | | N | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | | Average | 122 | 78 | 9,280 | 1,298 | 544,958 | 6 | 7 | 3,777 | 38,972 | 1,905 | 14,632 | 56 | 643 | 2,016 | 174 | | Min | 0 | 0 | 110 | 0 | 204,800 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 240 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Max | 460 | 410 | 20,180 | 12,520 | 1,258,000 | 80 | 60 | 31,600 | 249,140 | 9,060 | 74,170 | 317 | 8,679 | 12,400 | 88…0* | | __% Detectable__ | __69__ | __69__ | __100__ | __41__ | __100__ | __19__ | __25__ | __28__ | __100__ | __60__ | __84__ | __97__ | __81__ | __75__ | __59__ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __Table 2.__ Comparison of biomarkers expressed in normal and sepsis serum/plasma samples. FABP3, Irisin, FSTL1, OSM, IL-6, FGF-21, and Musclin were shown to be upregulated in sepsis samples. \*Not assayed. * * * [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ## Summary The [MILLIPLEX® Human Myokine Panel](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) is sensitive, accurate, and reproducible. The sample values generated with this new panel are consistent with previous panels that include some of the same analytes. This panel provides an ideal immunoassay for diverse research areas, including metabolic, neuromuscular, and idiopathic myopathy diseases. [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ## Related Products ## Myokine Assays Bitte entschuldigen Sie, es ist ein unerwarteter Fehler aufgetreten Response not successful: Received status code 500 ## Aging Assays Bitte entschuldigen Sie, es ist ein unerwarteter Fehler aufgetreten Response not successful: Received status code 500 * * * ### For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures. [Request info on MILLIPLEX® assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/campaigns/milliplex-request-info) ### References 1\. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. 2012. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 8(8):457-465. [https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.49](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.49) 2\. BKP,aLH. 2000. Exercise and the Immune System: Regulation, Integration, and Adaptation. [https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055](https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055) 3\. Egan B, Zierath J. 2013. Exercise Metabolism and the Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Adaptation. Cell Metabolism. 17(2):162-184. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.012) 4\. Jedrychowski MP, Wrann CD, Paulo JA, Gerber KK, Szpyt J, Robinson MM, Nair KS, Gygi SP, Spiegelman BM. 2015. 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