[Direkt zum Inhalt](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#main-content) [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de) Produkte Warenkorb0 ATDE Produkte ProdukteAnwendungenDienstleistungenRessourcenUnterstützung [Anmelden / Registrieren](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/oidc-sign-in) [Bestellungssuche](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/order-lookup) [Schnelleinkauf](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/quick-order) Warenkorb0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en)[Polymer Synthesis Techniques](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/polymer-synthesis)Evaluation of RAFT Agents # Evaluation of RAFT Agents __Jeremy Bartels, Sebastian Grajales, Kaushik Patel, Kanth V. B. Josyula, Gangadhar Panambur and Scott Batcheller__ ## RAFT polymerization process In 1998, members of an Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization (CSIRO) team discovered the RAFT polymerization method.1  ## Why use RAFT methods? - The process allows radical-initiated growing polymer chains to degeneratively transfer reactivity from one to another through the use of key functional groups (dithioesters, trithiocarbonates, xanthates and dithiocarbamates). - RAFT agents help to minimize out-of-control growth and prevent unwanted termination events from occurring, effectively controlling polymer properties like molecular weight and polydispersity. - RAFT agents are commercially available. - RAFT does not use any cytotoxic heavy metal components (unlike ATRP). ## Classes of RAFT agents   - __Dithiocarbamates__  Z1 is typically -Me or other alkyl Z2 is typically -Ph or other aromatic - __Xanthates__  Z is typically an alkyl chain (Et) - __Dithioesters__  Z can vary widely, but is typically -Ph - __Trithiocarbonates__  Z is typically an alkyl group (C12H25, etc.) ## Versatility of RAFT - RAFT is compatible with most functional groups and solvents, including water. - RAFT polymerizations are often mildly tolerant to oxygen content, especially when compared to living anionic polymerizations. - RAFT agents may be tuned to give polymers with telechelic functionality, for further processing/ binding events. - The RAFT technique requires no special equipment or vacuum glassware. - RAFT polymers can be applied to any field, from electronics to cell biology. ## Compatibility table  ## RAFT efficacy A series of five RAFT polymerizations were carried out using our RAFT agents, monomers, and initiators: | | | | | | | | |-------------------|-----------|-------------|------------|------------|------------|------| | Polymer | Conv (%); | MnTheo (Da) | MnNMR (Da) | MwGPC (Da) | MnGPC (Da) | PDI | | 1\. P*t*BA | 33% | 4,600 | 4,800 | 5,000 | 4,700 | 1.06 | | 2\. P*t*BA-*b*-PS | 35% | 7,400 | 7,200 | 7,200 | 6,300 | 1.15 | | 3\. PEO-*b*-PS | 29% | 7,300 | 7,400 | 7,000 | 6,300 | 1.04 | | 4\. PVAc | 65% | 12,300 | 12,300 | 18,000 | 14,800 | 1.21 | | 5\. PMMA | 60% | 15,400 | 15,000 | 16,400 | 14,900 | 1.10 | ### New class of RAFT CTAs: Universal, pH-switchable RAFT agents  ## Materials Bitte entschuldigen Sie, es ist ein unerwarteter Fehler aufgetreten Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### References 1\. Chiefari J, Chong YK(, Ercole F, Krstina J, Jeffery J, Le TPT, Mayadunne RTA, Meijs GF, Moad CL, Moad G, et al. 1998. Living Free-Radical Polymerization by Reversible Addition?Fragmentation Chain Transfer:  The RAFT Process. Macromolecules. 31(16):5559-5562. [https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9804951](https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9804951) ## Acknowledgements - Shashi Jasty, Ph.D. - John Radke - Ilya Koltover, Ph.D. - Angel Thompson __Related Articles__ - [Role of High Purity Metal Salts in Chemical Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/chemistry-and-synthesis/ch-functionalization/role-of-high-purity-metal-salts-in-chemical-synthesis) - [Carbon Nanofiber Applications & Properties](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/batteries-supercapacitors-and-fuel-cells/carbon-nanofibers) - [Nano Minerals: Nanoclays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/bioelectronics/nano-minerals-nanoclays) - [Universal Platform for Surface Modification Employing Grafted Polymer Layers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/biosensors-and-imaging/universal-platform) - [Continuous Flow Monomer Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing/continuous-flow-manufacturing) - [High-Purity Monomers & Polymers for Ophthalmic Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing/high-purity-monomers-and-polymers-for-ophthalmic-applications) - [Innovative Materials for Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs): Dental Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing/innovative-ionomers-for-dental-applications) - [The Progress in Development of Dental Restorative Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing/the-progress-in-development) - [View More](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) Oben __Melden Sie sich an, um fortzufahren.__ Um weiterzulesen, melden Sie sich bitte an oder erstellen ein Konto. Anmelden__Sie haben kein Konto?__Registrieren Unterstützung[Kundenbetreuung](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/support/customer-support)[Kontakt](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/collections/offices)[FAQ](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/)[Sicherheitsdatenblätter (SDS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/documents-search?tab=sds)[Bescheinigungen (COA/COO)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/documents-search?tab=coa)[Qualität und Regulierung](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/quality-and-regulatory-management)[Taschenrechner & Apps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/support/calculators-and-apps)[Webinare](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/collections/webinars) Bestellungen[Auftragssuche](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/order-lookup)[Schnelle Bestellung](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/quick-order)[Kundenspezifische Produkte](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/services/custom-products)[eCommerce-Lösungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/ecommerce/ecommerce-solutions) Unternehmen[Über uns](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/about-us)[Verantwortung](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/ssbi)[Veranstaltungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/collections/events)[Mitteilungen an die Presse](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/collections/press)[Programme](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/partnership-programs)[Karriere](https://careers.merckgroup.com/global/en)[Ämter](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/collections/offices) Soziale Medien [](https://www.linkedin.com/company/merck-life-science) [](https://x.com/Merck_lifesci) [](https://www.facebook.com/Merck.lifescience) [](https://www.instagram.com/mercklifescience/) [](https://www.youtube.com/@MerckLifeScience/featured) Merck __Forschung. Entwicklung. Produktion.__ Wir sind ein führender Anbieter für die globale Life Science Industrie mit Lösungen und Dienstleistungen für die Forschung, die biotechnologische Entwicklung und Produktion sowie die pharmazeutische Entwicklung und Produktion von Medikamenten. [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DE/de) [Sigma-Aldrich® Lösungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/sigma-aldrich)[BioReliance® Lösungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/bioreliance)[Millipore® Lösungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/millipore)[SAFC® Lösungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/safc)[Milli-Q® Lösungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/milliq)[Supelco® Lösungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/supelco) © 2026 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Deutschland und/oder ihre Tochtergesellschaften. Alle Rechte vorbehalten, einschließlich Text und Data Mining für KI-Training und ähnliche Technologien. Die Vervielfältigung jeglichen Materials von dieser Website ist ohne Genehmigung strengstens untersagt. [Website-Nutzungsbedingungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/legal/site-use-terms)|[Datenschutzbestimmungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/legal/privacy-statement)|[Allgemeine Verkaufsbedingungen](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/legal/terms-and-conditions)|[Copyright-Zustimmung](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/life-science/legal/copyright-consent)|[Lageplan](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/AT/de/site-map)