Silicon rod, 40mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999%; CAS Number: 7440-21-3; Synonyms: SI007930,Silicon; Linear Formula: Si; find -GF70438518 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich

Silicon rod, 40mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999 7440-21-3

rod, 40mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999%

Silicon rod, 40mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999%

Silicon

In modern life, technologies enabling detection of biological molecules at a low threshold, for health and ecological concerns, are in high demand. Directly interrogating the molecules is a promising direction to clarify the noisy response of conventional assays arising from simultaneous different reactions. Besides sophisticated biophysical instrument such as the atomic force microscope, this paper proposes silicon nanotweezers (SNT) as a new microsystem for molecular manipulation. SNT can trap molecules and sense their biomechanical and bioelectrical response in minute operations. In this review SNT characteristics are overviewed; their operation modes are illustrated by molecule and cell trapping, manipulation and characterization in air and in solution. As they are tiny and can be mass produced by highly parallel microsystem technology, SNT can be seen as a potential molecular and cellular probe for routine analysis and bio detection.

Silicon nanotweezers for biomechanical and bioelectrical assays.

Asymmetric porous silicon multilayer (APSM)-based optical biosensor was developed to specify human Immunoglobin G (Ig G). APSM chip was generated by an electrochemical etching of silicon wafer using an asymmetric electrode configuration in aqueous ethanolic HF solution and constituted with nine arrayed porous silicon multilayer. APSM prepared from anisotropic etching conditions displayed a sharp reflection resonance in the reflectivity spectrum. Each spot displayed single reflection resonance at different wavelengths as a function of the lateral distance from the Pt counter electrode. The sensor system was consisted of the 3 x 3 spot array of APSM modified with protein A. The system was probed with an aqueous human Ig G. Molecular binding and specificity was monitored as a shift in wavelength of reflection resonance.

Anisotropic multi-spot DBR porous silicon chip for the detection of human immunoglobin G.

Porous silicon (pSi) is a nanostructured carrier system that has received considerable attention over the past 10 years, for use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including biosensing, biomedical imaging, tissue scaffolds and drug delivery. This interest is due to several key features of pSi, including excellent in vivo biocompatibility, the ease of surface chemistry modification and the control over its 3D porous network structure. With control of these physical parameters pSi has successfully been used for the delivery of a variety of therapeutics, ranging from small-molecule drugs to larger peptide/protein-type therapeutics. In this review, the authors provide a brief overview of pSi fabrication methods, particularly with regard to the need to passivate the highly reactive Si-Hx surface species of native pSi, typically via thermal oxidation, hydrocarbonization or hydrosilylation. This surface modification, in turn, controls both the loading and release of therapeutics. The authors will then report on specific case studies of leading examples on the use of pSi as a therapeutic-delivery system. Specifically, the first reported in vivo study that demonstrated the use of pSi to improve the delivery of a Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class 2 poorly soluble drug (indomethacin), by using thermally oxidized pSi, is discussed, as well as highlighting a study that determined the biodistribution of (18)F-radiolabeled thermally hydrocarbonized pSi after oral dosing. The authors also report on the development of composite pSi-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles for the controlled delivery of protein therapeutics. Finally, the use of pSi in the delivery of bioactives, such as the successful use of thermally carbonized pSi to deliver Melanotan II, an unspecific agonist for the melanocortin receptors that are involved in controlling fluid uptake is discussed. With a growing body of literature reporting the successful use of pSi to deliver a range of therapeutics, we are entering what may be a golden age for this drug-delivery system, which may finally see the long-held promises finally achieved.

Recent advances in porous silicon technology for drug delivery.

The space radiation environment consists of multiple species of high-energy charge particles (HZE), including (56)Fe and (28)Si nuclei, that may impact neuronal cells, but their damaging effects on the central nervous system (CNS) have been poorly defined. Hippocampus-dependent memory functions have been shown to be highly sensitive to (56)Fe HZE particles, which poses a significant risk to the cognitive performance of astronauts during space missions. While low doses of (56)Fe radiation do not induce cell death of mature neurons, they affect synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region, the principal neuronal output of the hippocampal formation involved in memory formation. The effects of (28)Si on the CNS have not been defined. Compared to behaviorally naïve mice, cognitive testing might affect synaptic plasticity and the effects of (28)Si radiation on synaptic plasticity might be modulated by prior cognitive testing. Therefore, in the current study, we quantified the effects of whole-body (28)Si radiation (600 MeV/n, 0.25 and 1 Gy) on hippocampus-dependent contextual freezing and synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of animals not exposed (behaviorally naïve mice) and animals exposed to the contextual freezing test (cognitively tested mice). In behaviorally naïve mice exposed to 0.25 and 1 Gy of (28)Si radiation, the magnitude of long-term potentiation (LTP) was enhanced. However, in mice irradiated with 0.25 Gy contextual fear conditioning was enhanced and was associated with a further enhancement of the LTP magnitude. Such increase in synaptic plasticity was not seen in cognitively tested mice irradiated with 1 Gy. Thus, low dose (28)Si radiation has effects on synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and these effects are modulated by cognitive testing in a contextual fear-conditioning test.

(28)Silicon radiation-induced enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of naïve and cognitively tested mice.

The potential of solar cells have not been fully tapped due to the lack of energy conversion efficiency. There are three important mechanisms in producing high efficiency cells to harvest solar energy; reduction of light reflectance, enhancement of light trapping in the cell and increment of light absorption. The current work represent studies conducted in surface modification of single-crystalline silicon solar cells using wet chemical etching techniques. Two etching types are applied; alkaline etching (KOH:IPA:DI) and acidic etching (HF:HNO3:DI). The alkaline solution resulted in anisotropic profile that leads to the formation of inverted pyramids. While acidic solution formed circular craters along the front surface of silicon wafer. This surface modification will leads to the reduction of light reflectance via texturizing the surface and thereby increases the short circuit current and conversion rate of the solar cells.

Surface modification via wet chemical etching of single-crystalline silicon for photovoltaic application.

The interest in biologically sensitive field effect transistors (BioFETs) is growing explosively due to their potential as biosensors in biomedical, environmental monitoring and security applications. Recently, adoption of silicon nanowires in BioFETs has enabled enhancement of sensitivity, device miniaturization, decreasing power consumption and emerging applications such as the 3D cell probe. In this review, we describe the device physics and operation of the silicon nanowire BioFETs along with recent advances in the field. The silicon nanowire BioFETs are basically the same as the conventional field-effect transistors (FETs) with the exceptions of nanowire channel instead of thin film and a liquid gate instead of the conventional gate. Therefore, the silicon device physics is important to understand the operation of the BioFETs. Herein, physical characteristics of the silicon nanowire FETs are described and the operational principles of the BioFETs are classified according to the number of gates and the analysis domain of the measured signal. Even the bottom-up process has merits on low-cost fabrication; the top-down process technique is highlighted here due to its reliability and reproducibility. Finally, recent advances in the silicon nanowire BioFETs in the literature are described and key features for commercialization are discussed.

Silicon nanowire biologically sensitive field effect transistors: electrical characteristics and applications.

The p-type crystalline silicon wafers have occupied most of the solar cell market today. However, modules made with n-type crystalline silicon wafers are actually the most efficient modules up to date. This is because the material properties offered by n-type crystalline silicon substrates are suitable for higher efficiencies. Properties such as the absence of boron-oxygen related defects and a greater tolerance to key metal impurities by n-type crystalline silicon substrates are major factors that underline the efficiency of n-type crystalline silicon wafer modules. The bi-facial design of n-type cells with good rear-side electronic and optical properties on an industrial scale can be shaped as well. Furthermore, the development in the industrialization of solar cell designs based on n-type crystalline silicon substrates also highlights its boost in the contributions to the photovoltaic industry. In this paper, a review of various solar cell structures that can be realized on n-type crystalline silicon substrates will be given. Moreover, the current standing of solar cell technology based on n-type substrates and its contribution in photovoltaic industry will also be discussed.

Advancements in n-type base crystalline silicon solar cells and their emergence in the photovoltaic industry.

The aim of the present study was to prepare resorbable hydroxyapatite (HA) based bone graft materials reinforced with carbon nanotubes as a way to cope with the inability of pure HA to resorb and its intrinsic brittleness and poor strength that restrict its clinical applications under load-bearing conditions. With this purpose, a Si-doped HA nanopowder (n-Si0.8HA) was prepared by chemical synthesis and used as composite matrix reinforced with different amounts of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The effect of the added amounts of MWCNTs on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites and their in vitro biomineralization was assessed by bending strength measurements, immersing tests in simulated body fluid solution (SBF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis (ICP-AES). The bioactivity and bending strength were enhanced, reaching maximum balanced values for an optimum addition of 3 wt.% f-MWCNTs. These results might contribute to broaden the potential applications of HA-based bone grafts.

Fostering hydroxyapatite bioactivity and mechanical strength by Si-doping and reinforcing with multiwall carbon nanotubes.

An unavoidable complication of space travel is exposure to radiation consisting of high-energy charged particles (HZE), such as Fe and Si nuclei. HZE radiation can affect neuronal functions at the level of the synapse or neuronal soma without inducing significant neuronal death. Different radiation species impart distinct patterns of radiation damage depending on their track structure, dose rate and fluence. Moreover, structural differences exist along the dorsoventral axis of the hippocampus that may underlie different radiosensitivities within the same neuronal field (e.g., the CA1 pyramidal cell population of the hippocampus). In this study we tested the functional effects of low doses of (28)Si radiation on excitability and synaptic plasticity in hippocampal slices prepared strictly from the ventral hippocampus. We used extracellular electrophysiological techniques to record field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and population spikes in hippocampal CA1 neurons from C57BL/6J male mice 3 months after exposure to (28)Si radiation (600 MeV/n; 0.25 and 1 Gy, whole body). In irradiated mice we found prominent decrements in population spike amplitudes and reduced maximal neuronal output without changes in dendritic field EPSP. Reduced field EPSP vs. population spike ratios indicate radiation-induced impairment of the EPSP-spike (E-S) coupling. This effect was not associated with significant changes in the magnitude of short- and long-term synaptic plasticity [long-term potentiation (LTP)]. These data confirm that irradiation with (28)Si particles at relatively low doses alters the properties of the hippocampal network, which can limit its connectivity with other brain centers.

(28)silicon radiation impairs neuronal output in CA1 neurons of mouse ventral hippocampus without altering dendritic excitability.

The development of wearable or implantable technologies that replace center-based hemodialysis (HD) hold promise to improve outcomes and quality of life for patients with ESRD. A prerequisite for these technologies is the development of highly efficient membranes that can achieve high toxin clearance in small-device formats. Here we examine the application of the porous nanocrystalline silicon (pnc-Si) to HD. pnc-Si is a molecularly thin nanoporous membrane material that is orders of magnitude more permeable than conventional HD membranes. Material developments have allowed us to dramatically increase the amount of active membrane available for dialysis on pnc-Si chips. By controlling pore sizes during manufacturing, pnc-Si membranes can be engineered to pass middle-molecular-weight protein toxins while retaining albumin, mimicking the healthy kidney. A microfluidic dialysis device developed with pnc-Si achieves urea clearance rates that confirm that the membrane offers no resistance to urea passage. Finally, surface modifications with thin hydrophilic coatings are shown to block cell and protein adhesion.

Ultrathin silicon membranes for wearable dialysis.

Biomedical applications of porous silicon include drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics and immunotherapy. This review summarizes new silicon particle fabrication techniques, dynamics of cellular transport, advances in the multistage vector approach to drug delivery, and the use of porous silicon as immune adjuvants. Recent findings support superior therapeutic efficacy of the multistage vector approach over single particle drug delivery systems in mouse models of ovarian and breast cancer. With respect to vaccine development, multivalent presentation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the particle surface creates powerful platforms for immunotherapy, with the porous matrix able to carry both antigens and immune modulators.

Porous silicon advances in drug delivery and immunotherapy.

Silicon is the second most abundant element in nature behind oxygen. As a metalloid, silicon has been used in many industrial applications including use as an additive in the food and beverage industry. As a result, humans come into contact with silicon through both environmental exposures but also as a dietary component. Moreover, many forms of silicon, that is, Si bound to oxygen, are water-soluble, absorbable, and potentially bioavailable to humans presumably with biological activity. However, the specific biochemical or physiological functions of silicon, if any, are largely unknown although generally thought to exist. As a result, there is growing interest in the potential therapeutic effects of water-soluble silica on human health. For example, silicon has been suggested to exhibit roles in the structural integrity of nails, hair, and skin, overall collagen synthesis, bone mineralization, and bone health and reduced metal accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, immune system health, and reduction of the risk for atherosclerosis. Although emerging research is promising, much additional, corroborative research is needed particularly regarding speciation of health-promoting forms of silicon and its relative bioavailability. Orthosilicic acid is the major form of bioavailable silicon whereas thin fibrous crystalline asbestos is a health hazard promoting asbestosis and significant impairment of lung function and increased cancer risk. It has been proposed that relatively insoluble forms of silica can also release small but meaningful quantities of silicon into biological compartments. For example, colloidal silicic acid, silica gel, and zeolites, although relatively insoluble in water, can increase concentrations of water-soluble silica and are thought to rely on specific structural physicochemical characteristics. Collectively, the food supply contributes enough silicon in the forms aforementioned that could be absorbed and significantly improve overall human health despite the negative perception of silica as a health hazard. This review discusses the possible biological potential of the metalloid silicon as bioavailable orthosilicic acid and the potential beneficial effects on human health.

Silicon: the health benefits of a metalloid.

We have developed a novel method to fabricate micro/nano structure based on the coherent diffraction lithography, and acquired periodic silicon tubular gratings with deep nano-scale tapered profiles at the top part. The optical properties of these tubular gratings were similar to an effective gradient-index antireflective surface, resulting in a broadband antireflective combining super-hydrophobic behavior. The mechanism of the method was simulated by rigorous coupled wave analysis algorithms. Then coherent diffraction lithography by use of suitable mask, in which periodic micro-scale circular opaque patters were distributed, was realized on the traditional aligner. Due to coherent diffraction, we obtained enough light intensity for photoresist exposure under the center of the opaque area in the mask together with transparent areas. The tapered line profiles and hollow photoresist gratings over large areas could be fabricated on the silicon wafer after development. The dry etching process was carried out, and high aspect ratio silicon tubular gratings with deep tapered profiles at the top were fabricated. The optical property and wettability of the structure were verified, proving that the proposed method and obtained micro/nano structure provide application potential in the future.

A novel method to fabricate silicon tubular gratings with broadband antireflection and super-hydrophobicity.

Semiconducting silicon nanowires (SiNWs) represent one of the most interesting research directions in nanoscience and nanotechnology, with capabilities of realizing structural and functional complexity through rational design and synthesis. The exquisite control of chemical composition, structure, morphology, doping, and assembly of SiNWs, in both individual and array format, as well as incorporation with other materials, offers a nanoscale building block with unique electronic, optoelectronic, and catalytic properties, thus allowing for a variety of exciting opportunities in the fields of life sciences and renewable energy. This review provides a brief summary of SiNW research in the past decade, from the SiNW synthesis by both the top-down approaches and the bottom-up approaches, to several important biological and energy applications including biomolecule sensing, interfacing with cells and tissues, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, and photoelectrochemical conversion.

Silicon nanowires for biosensing, energy storage, and conversion.

We examined copper (Cu) absorption, distribution and toxicity and the role of a silicon (Si) supplementation in the bamboo Phyllostachys fastuosa. Bamboos were maintained in hydroponics for 4 months and submitted to two different Cu (1.5 and 100 μm Cu(2+)) and Si (0 and 1.1 mM) concentrations. Cu and Si partitioning and Cu speciation were investigated by chemical analysis, microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Copper was present as Cu(I) and Cu(II) depending on plant parts. Bamboo mainly coped with high Cu exposure by: (i) high Cu sequestration in the root (ii) Cu(II) binding to amino and carboxyl ligands in roots, and (iii) Cu(I) complexation with both organic and inorganic sulfur ligands in stems and leaves. Silicon supplementation decreased the visible damage induced by high Cu exposure and modified Cu speciation in the leaves where a higher proportion of Cu was present as inorganic Cu(I)S compounds, which may be less toxic.

Evidence of sulfur-bound reduced copper in bamboo exposed to high silicon and copper concentrations.

Alloying anodes such as silicon are promising electrode materials for next-generation high energy density lithium-ion batteries because of their ability to reversibly incorporate a high concentration of Li atoms. However, alloying anodes usually exhibit a short cycle life due to the extreme volumetric and structural changes that occur during lithium insertion/extraction; these transformations cause mechanical fracture and exacerbate side reactions. To solve these problems, there has recently been significant attention devoted to creating silicon nanostructures that can accommodate the lithiation-induced strain and thus exhibit high Coulombic efficiency and long cycle life. In parallel, many experiments and simulations have been conducted in an effort to understand the details of volumetric expansion, fracture, mechanical stress evolution, and structural changes in silicon nanostructures. The fundamental materials knowledge gained from these studies has provided guidance for designing optimized Si electrode structures and has also shed light on the factors that control large-volume change solid-state reactions. In this paper, we review various fundamental studies that have been conducted to understand structural and volumetric changes, stress evolution, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of nanostructured Si anodes for lithium-ion batteries and compare the reaction process of Si to other novel anode materials.

25th anniversary article: Understanding the lithiation of silicon and other alloying anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

The dewetting of a low melting point metal thin film deposited on silicon substrates was studied. The experimental results suggest that the change in the growth temperature affects the nanostructures that form. Based on the experimental results, the temperature which yielded the smallest features for the growth of nanotubes is determined. The mechanism by which these nano-templates become an efficient seeds for the growth of the carbon nanotubes is discussed. The partial bismuth filling inside the CNTs was optimized. Based on the results, a schematic growth model for better understanding of the process parameters has also been proposed.

The effect of growth temperature variation on partially bismuth filled carbon nanotubes synthesis using a soft semi-metallic template.

The analytical electrical transport model of the Silicene, a single layer of sp3 bonded silicon atoms in the honeycomb lattice structure as a channel in the field effect transistor configuration is presented in this paper. Although the carrier concentration of the Silicene shows similar behavior to Graphene, there are some differences in the conductance behavior. Presented model shows increment in the total carrier and the conductance with the gate voltage as expected for conventional semiconductors which affected by the temperature only in the neutrality point. The minimum conductance is increased by the temperature whereas it remains stable in the degenerate regime. Presented analytical model is in good agreement with the numerical conductance calculation based on the implementation of the non-equilibrium Green's function method coupled to the density functional theory.

Electrical transport model of Silicene as a channel of field effect transistor.

Hybrid biomaterials are a combination of two or more different materials that work synergistically to produce superior properties. Nano structuring of such hybrid materials has also posed complications. In this study, we present, for the first time a nanofibrous hybrid of gold and silicon fabricated by femtosecond laser synthesis for tissue engineering applications. The formation of a completely new phase, Au3Si (212) is reported. The formation mechanism is explained by vapor condensation. Particle sizes of 2-10 nm and 37-49 nm for gold and gold concentrations of 35-78% are achieved. The effect of this hybrid on cell growth was assessed using fibroblasts and osteoblasts. There was a significant decrease in both osteoblast and fibroblast proliferation with the increase of gold in the hybrid nanostructure. This novel hybrid nanofibrous matrix provides a method to effectively control the proliferation and adhesion of cells. Femtosecond laser synthesis presents a new standard by which not only a single element biomaterial but also multiple immiscible element hybrid biomaterials can be fabricated. This technique provides a paradigm shift in the fabrication of novel nanostructured immiscible hybrid biomaterials.

Nanostructured hybrid of immiscible gold and silicon and its effect on proliferation and adhesion of fibroblasts and osteoblasts.

Ordered hexagonal mesoporous aluminosilicates with lower Si/Al ratio below 5 have been successfully synthesized via the co-assembly of preformed aluminosilicate precursors with Gemini surfactant [C12H25N+(CH3)2(CH2)6N+(CH3)2C12H25] x 2Br(-) as the template. Powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, and temperature-programmed desorption of cyclohexylamine are employed to characterize the resulting samples. The phenol alkylation reaction is carried out to evaluate their catalytic performances. These studies indicate that the sample with a low Si/Al ratio of 3 still retains a highly ordered hexagonal mesoporous structure. And it also possesses the highest acidity of 0.96 mmol among the samples with lower Si/Al ratios below 5 due to its higher specific surface area together with more content of tetrahedrally coordinated Al in the framework. The catalytic tests confirm that the acidity of the samples plays a key role in determining their catalytic performances.

Silicon

rod, 40mm, diameter 20mm, single crystal, -100, 99.999%

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