[Přejít k obsahu](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#main-content) [![Merck](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/static/logos/purple/merck.svg)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs) Produkty Nákupní košík0 CZCS Produkty ProduktyAplikaceSlužbyZdrojePodpora [Přihlášení / Registrovat se](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/oidc-sign-in) [Dohledání objednávky](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/order-lookup) [Rychlá objednávka](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/quick-order) Nákupní košík0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en)[Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/applications)[Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/applications/analytical-chemistry)Atomic Spectroscopy # Atomic Spectroscopy Overview ![Schematic of a basic atomic absorption spectrometer composed of a light source, atomizer, monochromator and detector.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/applications/analytical-chemistry/atomic-absorption-spectrometer.jpg "Atomic absorption spectrometer") Atomic spectroscopy uses the electromagnetic radiation or mass spectrum of a sample to determine elemental composition. The wavelength of energy absorbed or emitted by atoms is characteristic to each element and can be used for element identification and quantification.   Analytical techniques based on atomic spectroscopy are widely used in environmental chemistry, geology and soil science, mining and metallurgy, food sciences, and medicine. * * * ## Related Products Slide 1 of 14 1 of 4 [![Hydrochloric acid solution 30% Ultrapur](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/structures/546/395/10e67a13-e4c4-4e30-a1da-32e605ea8bfd/640/10e67a13-e4c4-4e30-a1da-32e605ea8bfd.png) \ Supelco \ 1.01514 \ Hydrochloric acid solution](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/101514) Rychlé zobrazení [![Hydrochloric acid solution 30% Suprapur®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/structures/546/395/10e67a13-e4c4-4e30-a1da-32e605ea8bfd/640/10e67a13-e4c4-4e30-a1da-32e605ea8bfd.png) \ Supelco \ 1.00318 \ Hydrochloric acid solution](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/100318) Rychlé zobrazení [![Spectromelt® A 10 (di-lithium tetraborate), for X-ray fluorescence analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/320/735/6904be03-2dcc-4b51-ac2e-21fe2779d362/640/6904be03-2dcc-4b51-ac2e-21fe2779d362.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.10783 \ Spectromelt® A 10](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/110783) Rychlé zobrazení [![Spectromelt® C 10 for X-ray fluorescence analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/241/150/a8d4cc4b-8336-4729-a4fc-c2595d7b6a9c/640/a8d4cc4b-8336-4729-a4fc-c2595d7b6a9c.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.13990 \ Spectromelt® C 10](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/113990) Rychlé zobrazení [![Spectromelt® C 15 MP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/568/780/b489f28d-d7e3-49a9-bb85-cd8490276ce6/640/b489f28d-d7e3-49a9-bb85-cd8490276ce6.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.17074 \ Spectromelt® C 15 MP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/117074) Rychlé zobrazení [![Cobalt ICP standard traceable to SRM from NIST Co(NO3)2 in HNO3 2-3% 1000 mg/l Co Certipur®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/139/747/b0536d9e-779e-4299-93eb-bcb3ed005ae0/640/b0536d9e-779e-4299-93eb-bcb3ed005ae0.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.70313 \ Cobalt ICP standard](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/170313) Rychlé zobrazení [![Gold ICP standard traceable to SRM from NIST H(AuCl4) in HCl 7% 1000 mg/l Au Certipur®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/326/970/62933cbe-b322-48ca-9e62-1b2936f7f60b/640/62933cbe-b322-48ca-9e62-1b2936f7f60b.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.70321 \ Gold ICP standard](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/170321) Rychlé zobrazení [![ICP multi-element standard solution IV (23 elements in diluted nitric acid) 1000 mg/l: Ag, Al, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, Zn Certipur®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/199/164/3175bd47-0e39-467c-b850-bfc81dd332b0/640/3175bd47-0e39-467c-b850-bfc81dd332b0.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.11355 \ ICP multi-element standard solution IV](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/111355) Rychlé zobrazení [![Nitric acid 65% Suprapur®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/structures/200/904/4b93f8df-ba36-47d1-9ab2-8dcf3e4d1ecb/640/4b93f8df-ba36-47d1-9ab2-8dcf3e4d1ecb.png) \ Supelco \ 1.00441 \ Nitric acid 65%](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/100441) Rychlé zobrazení [![Nitric acid 60% Ultrapur](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/structures/200/904/4b93f8df-ba36-47d1-9ab2-8dcf3e4d1ecb/640/4b93f8df-ba36-47d1-9ab2-8dcf3e4d1ecb.png) \ Supelco \ 1.01518 \ Nitric acid 60%](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/101518) Rychlé zobrazení [![Hydrogen peroxide 30% Suprapur®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/structures/265/851/c3680381-a60f-4424-82fd-6b1681321cb0/640/c3680381-a60f-4424-82fd-6b1681321cb0.png) \ Supelco \ 1.07298 \ Hydrogen peroxide 30%](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/107298) Rychlé zobrazení [![Spectromelt® A 100 di-lithiumtetraborate, for X-ray fluorescence analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/320/735/6904be03-2dcc-4b51-ac2e-21fe2779d362/640/6904be03-2dcc-4b51-ac2e-21fe2779d362.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.12630 \ Spectromelt® A 100](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/112630) Rychlé zobrazení [![Spectromelt® C 15 MP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/568/780/b489f28d-d7e3-49a9-bb85-cd8490276ce6/640/b489f28d-d7e3-49a9-bb85-cd8490276ce6.jpg) \ Supelco \ 1.17074 \ Spectromelt® C 15 MP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/117074) Rychlé zobrazení [![Milli-Q® IQ Element water purification unit Produces high-quality Type 1 ultrapure water for trace elemental analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/images/420/107/fbb5889e-4b31-48d5-8996-51b7a37495b5/640/fbb5889e-4b31-48d5-8996-51b7a37495b5.jpg) \ Milli-Q \ ZIQELEMT0 \ Milli-Q® IQ Element water purification unit](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/product/mm/ziqelemt0) Rychlé zobrazení * * * ## Featured Categories [![A collection of items related to analytical chemistry standards. It includes a bottle with a yellow label and several documents. One document is an accreditation document. Another paper shows printed graphs and text. The background is white and nondescript.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/categories/reference-materials/tracecert.jpg "TraceCERT® Inorganic Standards for AAS, ICP and IC")](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/icp-and-aas-standards) [ICP & AAS standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/icp-and-aas-standards) Enhance inorganic trace analysis with our certified AAS and ICP standards. NIST-traceable solutions available. [Shop Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/icp-and-aas-standards) [![A diverse collection of pharmaceutical pills and capsules. They come in various shapes and colors, including pink, yellow, white, blue, and red. Some capsules are clear or opaque with different colored ends.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/categories/reference-materials/pills.jpg "Pills")](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/inorganic-elemental-impurity-mix-standards) [Inorganic Elemental Impurity Mix Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/inorganic-elemental-impurity-mix-standards) Browse through our selection of reference materials of inorganic elemental impurity mixes as per ICHQ3D guidelines for your ICP or AAS based tests of drug products in pharmaceutical analysis. [Shop Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/inorganic-elemental-impurity-mix-standards) [![Two laboratory chemical bottles against a yellow background. The bottle on the left is larger, with a red cap and a label that includes hazard symbols. The smaller bottle on the right has a black cap and white and green label.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/categories/lab-chemicals/acids.jpg "Acids bottles")](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/acids) [Acids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/acids) Uncover a wide acid range: Supelco® for analysis, Sigma-Aldrich® for labs, SAFC® for biopharma. Tailor solutions for varied needs. [Shop Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/acids) [![Three Milli-Q® Benchtop Lab Water Purification Systems. Milli-Q® IQ 7003/05/10/15 Ultrapure and Pure Water Purification System - Type 1 and Type 2 lab water purification system with production and tank units plus pure and ultrapure water dispensers. From left to right, the first two systems have a similar design with a base, an upright structure with a digital display at the top, and an adjustable dispensing arm. The third system is more compact and box-like, without a dispensing arm.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/categories/water-purification/ziq7003t0c-utrapure-pure-water-purification-system64.jpg "Milli-Q® IQ 7003/05/10/15 Pure and Ultrapure Water Purification System 64")](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-benchtop-water-purification-systems) [Milli-Q® Benchtop Lab Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-benchtop-water-purification-systems) Milli-Q® systems offer innovative water purification technologies engineered to support lab research needs, sustainability goals, and other major requirements. [Shop Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-benchtop-water-purification-systems) * * * Overview Related Articles & Protocols Support ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) works by measuring the amount of UV/visible light energy absorbed by an element. The wavelength of light absorbed corresponds to the energy needed to promote its electrons from the ground state to a higher energy level. The amount of energy absorbed in this excitation process is proportional to the concentration of the element in the sample. ### Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAA) Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAA) involves vaporization and thermal atomization of a liquid sample by a flame. In this technique, a sample solution is aspirated and sprayed as a fine aerosol into a chamber to combine with fuel and oxidant gases. The resulting mixture is then carried to the burner head, where combustion and sample atomization occurs. ### Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAA) Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAA) is the most advanced and sensitive technique to assess atomic absorption. With a graphite furnace atomizer, the atoms are retained in the optical path for a slightly longer time compared with flame atomization, resulting in lower detection limits and sensitivity in the parts per billion (ppb) range. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) measures the light emitted by excited electrons of an element while returning to their stable ground state. The sample is introduced into an argon plasma and high temperature excites the atom’s electrons to higher energy levels. The element is identified by the characteristic wavelength of the light emitted as its electrons return to ground state. The intensity of the light emitted is related to the concentration of the element in the sample. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of [mass spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/mass-spectrometry) used for the highly sensitive quantification of various metals and non-metals in the concentration range of below 1 part per trillion (ppt). ICP-MS analyzes elements by their separation in a magnetic field as per their mass to charge (m/z) ratio. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry detects elemental composition by measuring the wavelength and intensity of X-rays emitted by energized atoms in a sample. In this method, a beam of short wavelength x-rays strikes the sample and dislodges innermost shell electrons of the atom, forming a vacant site or “hole”. This causes the atom to rearrange its electronic arrangement with an electron from a higher energy shell jumping to occupy the newly created vacancy and emitting characteristic X-ray light during the process. The X-rays emitted by the atoms during the process of fluorescence are detected and used for sample identification and quantitation. [![Document Search](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/ecommerce/document-search.png "Document Search")](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/documents-search) [Looking for More Specific Information?](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/documents-search) Visit our document search for data sheets, certificates and technical documentation. [Find Documents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/documents-search) ## Related Articles - [Ultrapure Water to Assess Elemental Impurities per USP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy/ultrapure-water-elemental-impurities-usp) Learn about the suitability of Milli-Q® ultrapure water in ICP-MS analysis of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products per USP standards. - [Ultrapure Water for Trace Element Analysis in Pharmaceuticals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy/ultrapure-water-for-determination-of-elemental-impurities-in-pha) Elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products must be monitored and controlled at all stages of development and production. Ultrapure water produced by a Milli-Q® water system is recommended for ICP-MS and ICP-OES trace element analyses. - [Elemental Impurities - Certified Ref. Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation/elemental-impurities) Control elemental impurities in drug products with analytical methods and materials to ensure patient safety. - [Ultrapure Water to Assess Toxic Elements in Environmental Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/drinking-water-testing/environmental-toxic-elements) Accurate toxic elements environmental analysis requires high purity reagent water. Data demonstrate the suitability of Milli-Q® ultrapure water. - [How to Select the Right Water Purification System for Your Lab](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/selecting-the-right-water-purification-system) Choosing a water purification system? Consider required water quality, total volume, monitoring & traceability, and service needs. - [See All (12)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) ## Related Protocols - [Installation & Use of Milli-Q® SQ *2Series* Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/wet-chemical-analysis/installation-use-of-milli-q-2series-water-purification-system) View instructional videos and download User Manuals for Milli-Q® SQ *2Series* lab water systems. You’ll be up and running in no time. Buy online systems, accessories, cartridges and services. ### Find More Articles and Protocols Enter Keywords Search ## How Can We Help In case of any questions, please submit a [customer support request](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/support/customer-support) or talk to our customer service team: Email [custserv@sial.com](mailto:custserv@sial.com) or call +1 (800) 244-1173 ## Additional Support - [Chromatogram Search](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chromatogram-search) Use the Chromatogram Search to identify unknown compounds in your sample. - [Calculators & Apps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/support/calculators-and-apps) Web Toolbox - science research tools and resources for analytical chemistry, life science, chemical synthesis and materials science. - [Customer Support Request](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/support/customer-support) Customer support including help with orders, products, accounts, and website technical issues. - [FAQ](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/) Explore our Frequently Asked Questions for answers to commonly asked questions about our products and services. * * * __Featured Articles__ [Ultrapure Water to Assess Elemental Impurities per USP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy/ultrapure-water-elemental-impurities-usp) Learn about the suitability of Milli-Q® ultrapure water in ICP-MS analysis of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products per USP standards. [Ultrapure Water for Trace Element Analysis in Pharmaceuticals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy/ultrapure-water-for-determination-of-elemental-impurities-in-pha) Elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products must be monitored and controlled at all stages of development and production. Ultrapure water produced by a Milli-Q® water system is recommended for ICP-MS and ICP-OES trace element analyses. [Elemental Impurities - Certified Ref. Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation/elemental-impurities) Control elemental impurities in drug products with analytical methods and materials to ensure patient safety. [Ultrapure Water to Assess Toxic Elements in Environmental Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/technical-documents/technical-article/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/drinking-water-testing/environmental-toxic-elements) Accurate toxic elements environmental analysis requires high purity reagent water. Data demonstrate the suitability of Milli-Q® ultrapure water. Nejvyšší __Chcete-li pokračovat, musíte se přihlásit.__ Abyste mohli pokračovat ve čtení, přihlaste se nebo vytvořte účet. Přihlásit__Nemáte účet?__Registrovat Podpora[Zákaznická podpora](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/support/customer-support)[Kontaktujte nás](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/collections/offices)[ČASTO KLADENÉ DOTAZY](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/)[Bezpečnostní listy (SDS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/documents-search?tab=sds)[Certifikáty (COA/COO)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/documents-search?tab=coa)[Kvalita a regulace](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/quality-and-regulatory-management)[Kalkulačky a aplikace](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/support/calculators-and-apps)[Webové semináře](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/collections/webinars) Objednávky[Vyhledávání objednávek](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/order-lookup)[Rychlá objednávka](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/quick-order)[Vlastní produkty](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/services/custom-products)[Řešení pro elektronické obchodování](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/ecommerce/ecommerce-solutions) Společnost[O nás](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/about-us)[Odpovědnost](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/ssbi)[Události](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/collections/events)[Tiskové zprávy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/collections/press)[Programy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/partnership-programs)[Kariéra](https://careers.merckgroup.com/global/en)[Kanceláře](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/collections/offices) Sociální média [![LinkedIn icon](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/icons/linkedin.svg)](https://www.linkedin.com/company/merck-life-science) [![X icon](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/icons/x-icon.svg)](https://x.com/Merck_lifesci) [![Facebook Icon](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/icons/facebook.svg)](https://www.facebook.com/Merck.lifescience) [![Instagram Icon](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/icons/instagram.svg)](https://www.instagram.com/mercklifescience/) [![YouTube Icon](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/icons/youtube.svg)](https://www.youtube.com/@MerckLifeScience/featured) Merck __Výzkum. Vývoj.__ Jsme předním dodavatelem pro světový průmysl Life Science s řešeními a službami pro výzkum, vývoj a výrobu biotechnologií a vývoj a výrobu farmaceutických léčiv. [![Vibrant M string](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/icons/vibrant-m-string-1-rrvcrp.svg)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs) [Sigma-Aldrich® Roztoky](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/sigma-aldrich)[BioReliance® Řešení](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/bioreliance)[Millipore® Roztoky](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/millipore)[SAFC® Řešení](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/safc)[Milli-Q® Roztoky](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/milliq)[Supelco® Řešení](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/supelco) © 2026 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Německo a/nebo její pobočky. Všechna práva vyhrazena, včetně vytěžování textu a dat pro trénink umělé inteligence a podobných technologií. Reprodukce jakýchkoli materiálů z těchto stránek je bez povolení přísně zakázána. [Podmínky používání webu](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/legal/site-use-terms)|[Zásady ochrany osobních údajů](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/legal/privacy-statement)|[Všeobecné podmínky prodeje](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/legal/terms-and-conditions)|[Souhlas s autorskými právy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/life-science/legal/copyright-consent)|[Mapa stránek](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/cs/site-map) An unknown error has occured.