[Skip to Content](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#main-content) [![Merck](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/static/logos/purple/merck.svg)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en) Products Cart0 CZEN Products ProductsApplicationsServicesResourcesSupport [Login / Register](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/oidc-sign-in) [Order Lookup](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/order-lookup) [Quick Order](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/quick-order) Cart0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en)[MILLIPLEX® Multiplex Assays for Luminex® Instruments](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CZ/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/milliplex-multiplex-assays-for-luminex-technology)Multiplexing Inflammation Signaling Pathways: Bridge the Gap Between Immunology and Cell Signaling # Multiplexing Inflammation Signaling Pathways: Bridge the Gap Between Immunology and Cell Signaling __Section Overview__ - [T Cell Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#tcell) - [Th Cell Differentiation and Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#thcell) - [Inflammatory Response Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#inflammatoryresponse) - [Sepsis Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#sepsissignaling) - [Multiplexing the Inflammation Pathway](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#multiplexing) - [Related Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#relatedproducts) How do intracellular signaling networks regulate the development, maturation, and function of immune cells mediating the inflammatory responses that are linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, obesity, diabetes, sepsis, and other disease states? Since no single biomarker can provide conclusive information on the role of inflammation in the initiation and progression of disease states, multiplex assays enable the measurement of multiple relevant circulating or intracellular biomarkers in a single, small sample. Read on to see how multiplexing the inflammation signaling pathway with inflammation assays and cell signaling assays can help researchers bridge the gap between immunology and cell signaling. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)T Cell Signaling Infection or invasion of pathogens such as bacteria activates macrophages which starts the signaling of T cells. When helper T cells (Th cells) become activated, they can go on to activate B cells which eventually stimulates antibody production (__Figure 1__). ![T cell signaling pathway after being activated by infection, including the inflammatory response with fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and more. This includes interactions between bacteria/macrophages, antibodies, T cells, B cells, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mast cells, stem cells, eosinophils, NK cells, and more. ](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/product-supporting/milliplex/milliplex-inflammation-signaling2.jpg "T Cell Signaling Pathway") __Figure 1.__T cell signaling after being activated by infection, including the inflammatory response with fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and more. They also stimulate pathways of various cytokines such as IL-8, IL-6, TNFα, and RANTES, to activate neutrophils and other cells involved in inflammation and apoptosis (__Table 1__).  | | | |-------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Cell | Action | | Neutrophil | Bacterial phagocytosis | | Fibroblast | Inflammatory response | | Endothelial cells | Inflammatory response | | Mast cell | Histamine/Prostaglandins/Leukotrienes | | Stem cell | Hematopoiesis | | NK cell | Perforin/granzymes/α-defensins, cell membrane destruction, apoptosis | | Eosinophils | Attack parasitic worms, mitigate allergy and inflammatory effects | | Tc cell | Perforin/granzymes/granulysin release, cell membrane destruction, apoptosis | Table 1. Cells involved in the T cell signaling pathway and their respective actions. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Th Cell Differentiation and Signaling Activated Th cells also lead to the differentiation of Th cells into Th1, Th2, Treg, and Th17 cells. This involves signaling between IL-12, IL-4, TGFβ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, IL-23, and STAT and SMADS proteins (__Figure 2__). ![Signaling pathway involved in helper T cell (Th cell) differentiation into Th1, Th2, Treg, and Th17 cells. This includes interactions between IL-12, IL-4, TGFβ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, IL-23 and STAT proteins. ](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/product-supporting/milliplex/milliplex-inflammation-signaling21.jpg "Th Cell Differentiation and Signaling Pathway") __Figure 2.__Signaling pathway involved in helper T cell (Th cell) differentiation into Th1, Th2, Treg, and Th17 cells. The actions of these helper T cells are described in __Table 2.__ | | | |-----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Cell | Action | | Th1 cell | Defense against intracellular bacteria and protozoa, activate macrophages | | Th2 cell | Defense against multicellular helminths, activate eosinophils/basophils/mast cells | | TReg cell | Suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self-reactivity | | Th17 cell | Defense against extracellular bacteria and fungi, activate neutrophils | Table 2.Classification of helper T cell differentiation and their respective actions. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Inflammatory Response Signaling Cytokines and other proteins involved in macrophage signaling can lead to the inflammatory response and apoptosis. Specifically, the inflammatory response pathway involves stimulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNFα, MIP1α, MIP1β, and RANTES (__Figure 3__). ![Cell signaling involved with the inflammatory response pathway. This includes stimulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNFα, MIP1α, MIP1β, and RANTES.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/product-supporting/milliplex/milliplex-inflammation-signaling4.jpg "Inflammatory Response Pathway") __Figure 3.__Cell signaling involved with the inflammatory response pathway. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Sepsis Signaling Inflammation also relates to the sepsis pathway which is stimulated by increased IL-6, Lactotransferrin, MIF, MMP-8, Resistin, and C5a activation. Sepsis is a serious condition that involves hypotension and hypoxia. Neutrophil activation can eventually lead to tissue injury and multiple organ failure (__Figure 4)__. ![Signaling involved with the sepsis pathway from neutrophil activation, tissue injury, multiple organ failure, and more. This is stimulated by increased IL-6, Lactotransferrin, MIF, MMP-8, Resistin, and C5a activation.](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/cms-commons/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/product-supporting/milliplex/milliplex-inflammation-signaling3.jpg "Sepsis Signaling Pathway") __Figure 4.__The sepsis signaling pathway including neutrophil activation, tissue injury, multiple organ failure, and more. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Multiplexing the Inflammation Pathway Multiplexing allows researchers to look at all parts of the inflammation pathway while saving time and precious samples. With numerous biomarkers to measure, multiplex assays can bridge the gap between the immunology and cell signaling parts of the inflammation pathway. For example, our MILLIPLEX® multiplex panels offer an extensive list of multiplex inflammation assays and cell signaling assays that can investigate various aspects of inflammation signaling. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Related Products Explore our MILLIPLEX® multiplex inflammation assays and cell signaling assays that can analyze the inflammation signaling pathway. ### Cytokine Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### Th17 Cell Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### CD8+ Cell Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### Sepsis Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### TGFβ Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### STAT Phosphoprotein Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### __NFκB Pathway Analysis__ Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### Multi-Pathway Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### Apoptosis Analysis Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 __For Research Use Only. 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