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Activated Charcoal Norit® Norit® GAC 1240W, from coal, for potable water processing, steam activated, granular; CAS Number: 7440-44-0; EC Number: 231-153-3; Synonyms: Charcoal activated Norit; find Sigma-Aldrich-37771 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich

Activated Charcoal Norit Norit GAC 1240W, from coal, for potable water processing, steam activated, granular 7440-44-0

Norit<SUP>&#174;</SUP> GAC 1240W, from coal, for potable water processing, steam activated, granular

Activated Charcoal Norit&#174; Norit&#174; GAC 1240W, from coal, for potable water processing, steam activated, granular

Activated Charcoal Norit<SUP>®</SUP>

Extraction of sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with granular activated carbon

Kinetics of hydrophobic organic contaminant extraction from sediment by granular activated carbon

Performance of carbon nanomaterial (nanotubes and nanofibres) supported platinum and palladium catalysts for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and of 1-octyne.

Use of activated charcoal for the removal of patulin from cider.		

Diazepam stability in wastewater and removal by advanced membranes technology, activated carbon and micelle-clay complex

Lithium recovery from aqueous solution by sorption/desorption

About reactions occurring during chemical activation with hydroxides.

Activated carbon for gas separation and storage

Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions on activated charcoal.

Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral activated charcoal in acute intoxications.

Fundamental differences in methane (CH4) production between macropods (kangaroos) and ruminants have been suggested and linked to differences in the composition of the forestomach microbiome. Using six western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and four red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), we measured daily absolute CH4 production in vivo as well as CH4 yield (CH4 per unit of intake of dry matter, gross energy or digestible fibre) by open-circuit respirometry. Two food intake levels were tested using a chopped lucerne hay (alfalfa) diet. Body mass-specific absolute CH4 production resembled values previously reported in wallabies and non-ruminant herbivores such as horses, and did not differ with food intake level, although there was no concomitant proportionate decrease in fibre digestibility with higher food intake. In contrast, CH4 yield decreased with increasing intake, and was intermediate between values reported for ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores. These results correspond to those in ruminants and other non-ruminant species where increased intake (and hence a shorter digesta retention in the gut) leads to a lower CH4 yield. We hypothesize that rather than harbouring a fundamentally different microbiome in their foregut, the microbiome of macropods is in a particular metabolic state more tuned towards growth (i.e. biomass production) rather than CH4 production. This is due to the short digesta retention time in macropods and the known distinct 'digesta washing' in the gut of macropods, where fluids move faster than particles and hence most likely wash out microbes from the forestomach. Although our data suggest that kangaroos only produce about 27% of the body mass-specific volume of CH4 of ruminants, it remains to be modelled with species-specific growth rates and production conditions whether or not significantly lower CH4 amounts are emitted per kg of meat in kangaroo than in beef or mutton production.

Decreasing methane yield with increasing food intake keeps daily methane emissions constant in two foregut fermenting marsupials, the western grey kangaroo and red kangaroo.

Stomatal pores surrounded by a pair of guard cells in the plant epidermis control gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere in response to light, CO2, and the plant hormone abscisic acid. Light-induced stomatal opening is mediated by at least three key components: the blue light receptor phototropin (phot1 and phot2), plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, and plasma membrane inward-rectifying K(+) channels. Very few attempts have been made to enhance stomatal opening with the goal of increasing photosynthesis and plant growth, even though stomatal resistance is thought to be the major limiting factor for CO2 uptake by plants. Here, we show that transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing H(+)-ATPase using the strong guard cell promoter GC1 showed enhanced light-induced stomatal opening, photosynthesis, and plant growth. The transgenic plants produced larger and increased numbers of rosette leaves, with ∼42-63% greater fresh and dry weights than the wild type in the first 25 d of growth. The dry weights of total flowering stems of 45-d-old transgenic plants, including seeds, siliques, and flowers, were ∼36-41% greater than those of the wild type. In addition, stomata in the transgenic plants closed normally in response to darkness and abscisic acid. In contrast, the overexpression of phototropin or inward-rectifying K(+) channels in guard cells had no effect on these phenotypes. These results demonstrate that stomatal aperture is a limiting factor in photosynthesis and plant growth, and that manipulation of stomatal opening by overexpressing H(+)-ATPase in guard cells is useful for the promotion of plant growth.

Overexpression of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells promotes light-induced stomatal opening and enhances plant growth.

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and its biological conversion in marine sediments, largely controlled by anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), is a crucial part of the global carbon cycle. However, little is known about the role of iron oxides as an oxidant for AOM. Here we provide the first field evidence for iron-dependent AOM in brackish coastal surface sediments and show that methane produced in Bothnian Sea sediments is oxidized in distinct zones of iron- and sulfate-dependent AOM. At our study site, anthropogenic eutrophication over recent decades has led to an upward migration of the sulfate/methane transition zone in the sediment. Abundant iron oxides and high dissolved ferrous iron indicate iron reduction in the methanogenic sediments below the newly established sulfate/methane transition. Laboratory incubation studies of these sediments strongly suggest that the in situ microbial community is capable of linking methane oxidation to iron oxide reduction. Eutrophication of coastal environments may therefore create geochemical conditions favorable for iron-mediated AOM and thus increase the relevance of iron-dependent methane oxidation in the future. Besides its role in mitigating methane emissions, iron-dependent AOM strongly impacts sedimentary iron cycling and related biogeochemical processes through the reduction of large quantities of iron oxides.

Iron-mediated anaerobic oxidation of methane in brackish coastal sediments.

Nano/micro engineered polymeric materials offer expansive scope of biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering especially those involving electrospun biodegradable nanofibers incorporated with inorganic nanoparticles, thus mimicking the extracellular matrix of bone both structurally and chemically. For the first time, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate containing natural poly-(α, β)-DL-aspartic acid and inorganic hydroxyapatite nanofibers were fabricated using poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate: poly-(α, β)-DL-aspartic acid at a ratio of 80:20 (w/w) added with 1% (w/v) of hydroxyapatite, by the process of electrospinning. The surface morphology, chemical, and mechanical properties of electrospun poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate/poly-(α, β)-DL-aspartic acid, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate/poly-(α, β)-DL-aspartic acid/hydroxyapatite nanofibers were characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile tester, respectively. Human fetal osteoblasts were cultured on different nanofibrous scaffolds for evaluating the cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization. Cells on poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate/poly-(α, β)-DL-aspartic acid/hydroxyapatite scaffolds demonstrated higher proliferation (30.10%) and mineral deposition (37.60%) than the cells grown on pure poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate scaffolds. Obtained results highlight the synergistic effect of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate, poly-(α, β)-DL-aspartic acid, and hydroxyapatite towards the enhancement of the osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity of human fetal osteoblasts, demonstrating the appropriate physicochemical and biological properties of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate/poly-(α, β)-DL-aspartic acid/hydroxyapatite nanofibers to function as a substrate for bone tissue regeneration.

Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate containing scaffolds and their integration with osteoblasts as a model for bone tissue engineering.

The catalysed enantioselective formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds by the hydroamination reaction is reviewed. All examples deal with substrates containing non-activated carbon-carbon multiple bonds which are transformed either via intramolecular or intermolecular reactions. Structurally different complexes already provided nitrogen containing compounds/heterocycles with high enantioselectivities.

Asymmetric hydroamination of non-activated carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

BACKGROUND Most reproductive failures originate during the periconceptional period and are influenced by the age and the lifestyle of parents-to-be. We advance the hypothesis that these failures can arise as a partial consequence of derangements to one-carbon (1-C) metabolism (i.e. metabolic pathways that utilize substrates/cofactors such as methionine, vitamin B12, folate). 1-C metabolic pathways drive the synthesis of proteins, biogenic amines and lipids required for early growth, together with the synthesis and methylation of DNA and histones essential for the regulation of gene expression. We review how deficiencies in periconceptional 1-C metabolism affect fertility and development together with underlying mechanisms derived from animal studies. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed and bibliographies of all relevant original research articles and reviews. RESULTS We define 'periconception' as a 5-6-month period in women embracing oocyte growth, fertilization, conceptus formation and development to Week 10 of gestation (coinciding with the closure of the secondary palate in the embryo). During this period significant epigenetic modifications to chromatin occur that correspond with normal development. Subtle variations in 1-C metabolism genes and deficiencies in 1-C substrates/cofactors together with poor lifestyle, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, disturb 1-C metabolism and contribute to subfertility and early miscarriage and compromise offspring health. Procedures used in assisted reproduction can also disturb these metabolic pathways and contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Evidence presented indicates that parental nutrition and other lifestyle factors during the periconceptional period can affect reproductive performance via 1-C metabolic pathways. This knowledge provides opportunities for treatment and prevention of reproductive failures and future non-communicable diseases.

The periconceptional period, reproduction and long-term health of offspring: the importance of one-carbon metabolism.

During the last decade, several physico-chemical and biological techniques have been developed to remove colour from textile wastewaters. Some of these techniques rely on and many will profit from activated carbon (AC). The role of AC is versatile: (1) it acts as a dye adsorbent, not only in straightforward adsorption processes but also in AC-enhanced coagulation and membrane filtration processes; (2) it generates strong oxidising agents (mostly, hydroxyl (OH) radicals) in electrochemical dye oxidation; (3) it catalyses OH production in advanced oxidation processes; (4) it catalyses anaerobic (azo) dye reduction and supports biofilm growth in microbial dye removal. This paper reviews the role of AC in dye decolourisation, evaluates the feasibility of each AC-amended decolourisation technique and discusses perspectives on future research.

Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: a short review on the versatile role of activated carbon.

The decomposition of dead organic matter is a major determinant of carbon and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and of carbon fluxes between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Decomposition is driven by a vast diversity of organisms that are structured in complex food webs. Identifying the mechanisms underlying the effects of biodiversity on decomposition is critical given the rapid loss of species worldwide and the effects of this loss on human well-being. Yet despite comprehensive syntheses of studies on how biodiversity affects litter decomposition, key questions remain, including when, where and how biodiversity has a role and whether general patterns and mechanisms occur across ecosystems and different functional types of organism. Here, in field experiments across five terrestrial and aquatic locations, ranging from the subarctic to the tropics, we show that reducing the functional diversity of decomposer organisms and plant litter types slowed the cycling of litter carbon and nitrogen. Moreover, we found evidence of nitrogen transfer from the litter of nitrogen-fixing plants to that of rapidly decomposing plants, but not between other plant functional types, highlighting that specific interactions in litter mixtures control carbon and nitrogen cycling during decomposition. The emergence of this general mechanism and the coherence of patterns across contrasting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems suggest that biodiversity loss has consistent consequences for litter decomposition and the cycling of major elements on broad spatial scales.

Consequences of biodiversity loss for litter decomposition across biomes.

For almost a century the plant hormone auxin has been central to theories on apical dominance, whereby the growing shoot tip suppresses the growth of the axillary buds below. According to the classic model, the auxin indole-3-acetic acid is produced in the shoot tip and transported down the stem, where it inhibits bud growth. We report here that the initiation of bud growth after shoot tip loss cannot be dependent on apical auxin supply because we observe bud release up to 24 h before changes in auxin content in the adjacent stem. After the loss of the shoot tip, sugars are rapidly redistributed over large distances and accumulate in axillary buds within a timeframe that correlates with bud release. Moreover, artificially increasing sucrose levels in plants represses the expression of BRANCHED1 (BRC1), the key transcriptional regulator responsible for maintaining bud dormancy, and results in rapid bud release. An enhancement in sugar supply is both necessary and sufficient for suppressed buds to be released from apical dominance. Our data support a theory of apical dominance whereby the shoot tip's strong demand for sugars inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by limiting the amount of sugar translocated to those buds.

Sugar demand, not auxin, is the initial regulator of apical dominance.

Shigella flexneri proliferate in infected human epithelial cells at exceptionally high rates. This vigorous growth has important consequences for rapid progression to life-threatening bloody diarrhea, but the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we used metabolomics, proteomics, and genetic experiments to determine host and Shigella metabolism during infection in a cell culture model. The data suggest that infected host cells maintain largely normal fluxes through glycolytic pathways, but the entire output of these pathways is captured by Shigella, most likely in the form of pyruvate. This striking strategy provides Shigella with an abundant favorable energy source, while preserving host cell ATP generation, energy charge maintenance, and survival, despite ongoing vigorous exploitation. Shigella uses a simple three-step pathway to metabolize pyruvate at high rates with acetate as an excreted waste product. The crucial role of this pathway for Shigella intracellular growth suggests targets for antimicrobial chemotherapy of this devastating disease.

Activated Charcoal Norit^®

Norit^® GAC 1240W, from coal, for potable water processing, steam activated, granular

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