Hydroxypyri(mi)dine-based chelators as antidotes of toxicity due to aluminum and actinides.

Hydroxypyri(mi)dine-based chelators as antidotes of toxicity due to aluminum and actinides.

Current medicinal chemistry (2012-03-30)

M A Santos, M A Esteves, S Chaves

ABSTRACT

This review is focused on recent developments on hydroxypyri(mi)dines, as aluminum and actinide chelating agents to combat the toxicity due to accumulations of these metal ions in human body resulting from excessive metal exposure. After a brief update revision of the most common processes of aluminum (Al) exposure, as well as the associated toxicities and pathologies, we will focus on the current available Al chelators and future perspective as potential antidotes of Al toxicity. Due to the similarity between Al and Fe, a major emphasis is given to the hydroxypyridinone and hydroxypyrimidinone chelators, since they are analogues of the current iron chelators in clinical use (DFP and DFO). This review includes issues such as molecular design strategies and corresponding effects on the associated physico-chemical properties, lipo-hydrophilic balance, toxicity, in vivo bioassays and current clinical applications. The hydroxypyri(mi)dine chelators are also suitable for other hard metal ions, such as the radiotoxic actinides, and so a brief review is included on the applications of these chelators in actinides scavenging.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

GF14206047

Aluminum, foam, 33x140mm, thickness 20mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

GF70010222

Aluminum, honeycomb, 150x150mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF07499010

Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 10mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

GF74590724

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.5mm, 99.9%

GF12106897

Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 6.35mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, 4 pores/cm, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

GF46654375

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 13.9mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%

GF51278070

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF26812043

Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 3.2mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, 16 pores/cm, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

GF31796725

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.5mm, 99.9%

GF33055185

Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 6.35mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, 16 pores/cm, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

GF99626103

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 20mm, cell size 4.8mm, cell wall 0.038mm, core density 0.070g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF11843344

Aluminum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.3mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF41758982

Aluminum, microfoil, disks, 10mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm², permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.999%

GF63629219

Aluminum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 1.42mm, inside diameter 1.166mm, wall thickness 0.127mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF25360354

Aluminum, rod, 50mm, diameter 30.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF90679191

Aluminum, rod, 1000mm, diameter 12.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF04958084

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0.072g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF19881928

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 20mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0.072g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF04614724

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 3.2mm, cell wall 0.025mm, core density 0g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF10162066

Aluminum, microleaf disks, 10mm, thinness 0.15μm, specific density 41.28μg/cm², removable support, 99.999%

GF38294646

Aluminum, mesh, 300x300mm, nominal aperture 0.38mm, wire diameter 0.25mm, 40x40 wires/inch, open area 37%, plain weave mesh

GF62524076

Aluminum, tube, 500mm, outside diameter 1.96mm, inside diameter 1.4mm, wall thickness 0.28mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF45982716

Aluminum, insulated wire, 10m, conductor diameter 0.1mm, insulation thickness 0.005mm, polyimide insulation, 99.95+%

GF28292687

Aluminum, rod, 1000mm, diameter 10.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF44675781

Aluminum, rod, 1000mm, diameter 12.7mm, 99%

GF28435844

Aluminum, microleaf disks, 10mm, thinness 0.25μm, specific density 68.8μg/cm², removable support, 99.999%

GF02018236

Aluminum, rod, 50mm, diameter 20.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF20899604

Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 6.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF64700524

Aluminum, rod, 1000mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF53989497

Aluminum, microleaf disks, 10mm, thinness 0.5μm, specific density 120.6μg/cm², removable support, 99.999%