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  • Understanding Factors Governing Distribution Volume of Ethyl Cellulose-Ethanol to Optimize Ablative Therapy in the Liver.

Understanding Factors Governing Distribution Volume of Ethyl Cellulose-Ethanol to Optimize Ablative Therapy in the Liver.

IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering (2019-12-17)
Robert Morhard, Jenna L Mueller, Qishun Tang, Corrine Nief, Erika Chelales, Christopher T Lam, Daniel Adrianzen Alvarez, Michael Rubinstein, David F Katz, Nimmi Ramanujam
要旨

Ethanol ablation, the injection of ethanol to induce necrosis, was originally used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, with survival rates comparable to surgery. However, efficacy is limited due to leakage into surrounding tissue. To reduce leakage, we previously reported incorporating ethyl cellulose (EC) with ethanol as this mixture forms a gel when injected into tissue. To further develop EC-ethanol injection as an ablative therapy, the present study evaluates the extent to which salient injection parameters govern the injected fluid distribution. Utilizing ex vivo swine liver, injection parameters (infusion rate, EC%, infusion volume) were examined with fluorescein added to each solution. After injection, tissue samples were frozen, sectioned, and imaged. While leakage was higher for ethanol and 3%EC-ethanol at a rate of 10 mL/hr compared to 1 mL/hr, leakage remained low for 6%EC-ethanol regardless of infusion rate. The impact of infusion volume and pressure were also investigated first in tissue-mimicking surrogates and then in tissue. Results indicated that there is a critical infusion pressure beyond which crack formation occurs leading to fluid leakage. At a rate of 10 mL/hr, a volume of 50 μL remained below the critical pressure. Although increasing the infusion rate increases stress on the tissue and the risk of crack formation, injections of 6%EC-ethanol were localized regardless of infusion rate. To further limit leakage, multiple low-volume infusions may be employed. These results, and the experimental framework developed to obtain them, can inform optimizing EC-ethanol to treat a range of medical conditions.

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Sigma-Aldrich
グラファイト, powder, <20 μm, synthetic
Sigma-Aldrich
クレブス-リンガー炭酸水素バッファー, With 1800 mg/L glucose, without calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, powder, suitable for cell culture
Sigma-Aldrich
フルオロセイン(遊離酸), Dye content 95 %
Sigma-Aldrich
2-メチルブタン, anhydrous, ≥99%
Sigma-Aldrich
エチルセルロース, viscosity 100 cP, 5 % in toluene/ethanol 80:20(lit.), extent of labeling: 48% ethoxyl
Tygon® formula 2375 研究用チュービング, I.D. × O.D. 4.8 mm × 8.0 mm, L 15 m (50 ft)