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Therefore, typical sample matrices that can be employed in normal-phase SPE include hydrocarbon or fatty oils diluted in an organic solvent, hexane, isooctane, chlorinated solvents, THF, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. Most organic analytes exhibit some polar functionalities that can be exploited for normal-phase separation. Because many molecules exhibit polar functionality, each interaction can provide different levels of selectivity offering highly selective separations of compounds very similar in structure. Normal-Phase SPE __Retention Mechanism__ Polar Interactions - Hydrogen bonding, π-π, dipole-dipole, and induced dipole-dipole __Sample Matrix__ Non-polar samples - Organic extracts of solids - Very non-polar solvents - Fatty oils, hydrocarbons __Analyte Characteristics__ Analytes exhibiting polar functionalities - Hydroxyl groups, carbonyls, amines, double bonds - Hetero atoms (O, N, S, P) - Functional groups with resonance properties __Elution Scheme__ Polar interactions disrupted with a more polar solvent or solution - Acetonitrile, methanol, isopropanol - Combinations of buffer/solvent or solvent/solvent mixtures __Common Applications__ - Cleanup of organic extracts of soils and sludge - Fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons - PCBs in transformer oil - Isolation of compounds in cosmetics ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Basic Steps 1. __Sample Pre-treatment__ Liquid samples should be initially extracted or diluted with a non-polar solvent such as hexane or a chlorinated solvent. Soil, sediment, and other solid samples are initially extracted (Soxhlet or sonication) with a non-polar solvent, and concentrated prior to SPE cleanup. Aqueous residues in the sample can reduce normal-phase retention. It may be necessary to further dry the organic extract with sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate prior to SPE. 2. __Conditioning/Equilibration__ Condition and equilibriate with 2-3 tube volumes of a non-polar solvent similar or identical to sample matrix resulting from sample pre-treatment. 3. __Sample Load__ Apply sample (from step 1) at a consistent and reduced flow rate of ~1-2 drops/second to ensure optimal retention. The compounds should be a non-polar solvent (e.g., hexane) for optimal retention. Note that methanol and acetonitrile are often used as elution solvents in normal-phase SPE, and will often not promote compound retention during sample load. 4. __Wash__ Sample interferences are often co-retained with compounds of interest during sample load. A wash step is necessary to elute interferences without prematurely eluting compounds of interest. In normal-phase SPE, 1-2 tube volumes of the solvent used in sample pre-treatment and conditioning can be used during wash. 5. __Elution__ Disrupt polar interactions with a solvent or solvent/buffer mixture more polar than both the sample and wash solutions. Typical elution solvents include water miscible organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, and isopropanol. Eluting with increasingly polar solvents (or solvent mixtures) in succession can also fractionate multiple compound classes. See “Common Normal-Phase Solvents” table for assistance. 6. __Eluate Post-treatment__ Normal-phase SPE is often followed by GC analysis, and therefore requires a volatile sample matrix prior to injection. Use sodium sulfate or magnesium sample to remove residual moisture. Further SPE eluate concentration may also be necessary prior to analysis.[](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ### Common Normal-Phase Solvents __Solvent____Elutropic (e°) or__ __elution strength__ __on silica____Promotes__ __Normal-Phase__ __Retention / Elution__ Hexane0.00__Retention__ Isooctane0.00 Carbon tetrachloride0.14 Toluene0.22 Benzene0.27 Tert-butyl methyl ether0.29 Chloroform0.31 Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)0.32 Diethyl ether0.29 Ethyl acetate0.43 Tetrahydrofuran0.35 Acetone0.45 Acetonitrile0.50 40% methanol in acetonitrile0.67 20% methanol in diethyl ether0.65 20% methanol in methylene chloride0.63 Isopropanol0.63 Methanol0.73 Water>0.73__Elution__ Acetic acid>0.73 ## Materials Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 __Related Articles__ - [Empowering Biochemists to Analyze Glycoproteins with Exceptional Reproducibility](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/bioshell-glycan-hplc-columns) - [Biological Testing for Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Abuse](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/biological-testing-for-amphetamine-and-methamphetamine-abuse) - [Accurate Biological Testing for Amphetamine and Methamphetamine Abuse Using Chiral HPLC and MS Detection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/chiral-hplc-amphetamine-methamphetamine) - [UHPLC/MS for Drug Detection in Urine](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/uhplc-analysis-drugs-glucuronidase) - [Acrylamide in Food](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/solid-phase-extraction/acrylamide-in-food) - [Analysis of Melamine in Milk](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/solid-phase-extraction/analysis-of-melamine) - [Controlling SPE Selectivity Through pH and Organic Modifier Manipulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/solid-phase-extraction/controlling-spe-selectivity) - [Determination of Hydrocortisone from Topical Cream Using Discovery DSC-Si SPE and Reversed-Phase HPLC-UV](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/solid-phase-extraction/determination-hyrdocortisone-topical-cream) - [View More](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) __Related Product Categories__ - [Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and QuEChERS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/spe-and-quechers) Top __Sign In To Continue__ To continue reading please sign in or create an account. 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[Sterile & Aseptic Sampling Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling) - [Sterile Process Sampling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling/manual-sterile-sampling) - [Sampling with MAST^® Autosampling Solution](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling/automated-aseptic-sampling) - [Sterile Filtration & Bioburden Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control) - [Buffer Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/buffer-filtration) - [Filter Housings](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/filter-housings) - [Final Sterile Filtration & Filling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/final-sterile-filtration-and-filling) - [Gas & Vent Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/gas-and-vent-filters) - [Integrity Testers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/integrity-testers) - [Media Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/media-filtration) - [Prefilters & Bioburden Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/prefilters-and-bioburden-control) - [Sterile Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/sterile-filters) - [Ultrafiltration & Diafiltration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration) - [Tangential Flow Filtration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration/filtration-devices) - [Tangential Flow Filtration Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration/tangential-flow-holders-systems) - [Viral Clearance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance) - [Integrity Testers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/integrity-testers) - [Virus Filter Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-filter-holders-and-systems) - [Virus Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-filters) - [Virus Inactivation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-inactivation) - [Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology) - [Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies) - 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[Protein Sample Prep](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep) - [Amicon^® Centrifugals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/amicon-centrifugals) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG^® Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Inhibitor Cocktails](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/inhibitor-cocktails) - [Laboratory Concentration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-concentration-devices) - [Laboratory Dialysis & Diafiltration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-dialysis-and-diafiltration-devices) - 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[Milli-Q^® Consumables](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-consumables) - [Milli-Q^® Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-accessories) - Applications - [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry) - [Atomic Spectroscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy) - [Calibration, Qualification, Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation) - [Gas Chromatography (GC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/gas-chromatography) - [Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography) - [Large Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/large-molecule-hplc) - [Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/low-pressure-liquid-chromatography) - [Small Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/small-molecule-hplc) - [Mass Spectrometry (MS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/mass-spectrometry) - [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/nuclear-magnetic-resonance) - [Photometry & Reflectometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-reflectometry) - [Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation) - [Sample Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/filtration) - [Sample Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/purification) - [QuEChERS Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/quechers) - [Solid Phase Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-extraction) - [Solid Phase Microextraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-microextraction) - [Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/thin-layer-chromatography) - [Titration & Karl Fischer](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/titration-and-karl-fischer) - [Water for Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/water-purification/water-analytical-chemistry) - [Wet Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/wet-chemical-analysis) - [Cell Culture & Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis) - [Cell Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis) - [Cell-based Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-based-assays) - [Cell Counting & Health analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-counting-and-health-analysis) - [Imaging Analysis & Live Cell Imaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/imaging-analysis-and-live-cell-imaging) - [Cell Culture by Cell Type](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type) - [Mammalian Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/mammalian-cell-culture) - [Microbial Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/microbial-cell-culture) - [Plant Tissue Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/plant-tissue-culture) - [Primary Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/primary-cell-culture) - [Stem Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/stem-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture by Technique](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/3d-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-culture-media-preparation) - [Cell Growth & Maintenance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-growth-and-maintenance) - [Transfection & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/transfection-and-gene-editing) - [Cell Culture for Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-for-manufacturing) - [Cell Culture Troubleshooting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-troubleshooting) - [Chemistry & Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/adc-and-bioconjugation) - [Lead Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/lead-discovery) - [Peptide Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/peptide-synthesis) - [Protein Degradation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/protein-degradation) - [Reaction Design & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/reaction-design-and-optimization) - [Synthetic Methods](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods) - [C-H Functionalization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/ch-functionalization) - [Cross Coupling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/cross-coupling) - [Fluorination](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/fluorination) - [Metathesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/metathesis) - [Organic Reaction Toolbox](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/organic-reaction-toolbox) - [Photocatalysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/photocatalysis) - [Clinical & Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing) - [Bacteriology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/bacteriology) - [Blood Typing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/blood-typing) - [Clinical & Forensics Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/clinical-and-forensic-testing) - [Cytology & Cytodiagnosis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/cytology-and-microscopy) - [Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/diagnostic-immunohistochemistry) - [Hematology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/hematology) - [Histology/Histopathology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/histology) - [IVD Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/ivd-manufacturing) - [Water for Clinical Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/water-purification/water-clinical-diagnostics) - [Environmental & Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene) - [Air Sampling & Monitoring](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/air-testing) - [Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing) - [Cannabinoids & Potency](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/cannabinoid-profiling-potency-testing) - [Pesticides & Mycotoxins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/pesticides-mycotoxins-in-cannabis) - [Terpenes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/terpenes-cannabis) - [Drinking Water Testing​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/drinking-water-testing) - [Soil, Solid Waste, & Groundwater Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/soil-solid-waste-groundwater-testing) - [Waste Water & Process Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/waste-water-and-process-water-testing) - [Food & Beverage Testing & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing) - [Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/chemical-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Flavor & Fragrance Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/flavor-and-fragrance-formulation) - [Microbiological Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/microbiological-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Regulatory Compliance​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/regulatory-compliance-for-food-and-beverage) - [Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics) - [Advanced Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/advanced-gene-editing) - [Cloning & Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/cloning-and-expression) - [DNA & RNA Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification) - [Epigenetics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/epigenetics) - [Functional Genomics Screening](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/functional-genomics-screening) - [Gene Expression & Silencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/gene-expression-and-silencing) - [Next Gen Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/next-gen-sequencing) - [Nucleic Acid Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/nucleic-acid-gel-electrophoresis) - [Nucleic Acid Labeling & Detection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/nucleic-acid-labeling-and-detection) - [PCR](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/pcr) - [qPCR](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/qpcr) - [Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/genomics/sequencing) - [Materials Science & Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering) - [3D Bioprinting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/3d-bioprinting) - [3D Printing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/3d-printing) - [Batteries, Supercapacitors, Fuel Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/batteries-supercapacitors-and-fuel-cells) - [Bioelectronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/bioelectronics) - [Biosensors & Bioimaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/biosensors-and-bioimaging) - [Chemical Vapor Deposition](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/chemical-vapor-deposition) - [Contact Lens & Dental Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing) - [Drug Delivery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery) - [Electron Microscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/electron-microscopy) - [Microelectronics & Nanoelectronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/microelectronics-and-nanoelectronics) - [Nanoparticle & Microparticle Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/nanoparticle-and-microparticle-synthesis) - [Organic Electronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/organic-electronics) - [Photovoltaics & Solar Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells) - [Polymer Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/polymer-synthesis) - [Solid State Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/solid-state-synthesis) - [Tissue Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering) - [Microbiological Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing) - [Bioburden Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/bioburden-testing) - [Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-culture-media-preparation) - [Media Fill (APS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/media-fills) - [Microbial Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-water-testing) - [Mycoplasma Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/mycoplasma-testing) - [Pathogen & Spoilage Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/pathogen-and-spoilage-testing) - [Pyrogen Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/pyrogen-testing) - [Sterility Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/sterility-testing) - [Surface & Personnel Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/surface-and-personnel-testing) - [Viable Air Monitoring](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/viable-air-monitoring) - [mAbs Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies) - [Antibody Drug Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery) - [Lead Selection & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/lead-discovery) - [Preclinical Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/preclinical-development) - [Target Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/target-discovery) - [Characterization & Quality Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control) - [Aggregate Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/aggregate-analysis) - [Intact Mass Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/intact-mass-analysis) - [Peptide Mapping](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/peptide-mapping) - [Post-Translational Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/post-translational-modification-analysis) - [Titer Determination](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/titer-determination) - [Process Development, Manufacturing, Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing) - [Downstream Processing (DSP)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/downstream-processing-mabs) - [Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/formulation-final-fill-mabs) - [Upstream Processing (USP)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/upstream-processing-mabs) - [mRNA Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing) - [mRNA Analytical & Quality Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-analytical-quality-control) - [mRNA Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-development) - [mRNA Manufacturing & Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-manufacturing-formulation) - [mRNA Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-research) - [Pharma & Biopharma Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing) - [Antibody Drug Conjugate Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/adc-manufacturing) - [Conjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/adc-manufacturing/conjugation) - [Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/adc-manufacturing/antibody-drug-conjugate-manufacturing-purification) - [Biopharma 4.0](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0) - [Bioprocessing Automation & Control Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/bioprocessing-automation-control-software) - [Bioprocessing Data Analytics Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/bioprocessing-data-analytics-software) - [Closed Processing for Biomanufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/closed-processing-for-biomanufacturing) - [Intensified & Continuous Upstream (USP) Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/intensified-upstream-processing) - [Intensified & Continuous Downstream (DSP) Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/intensified-continuous-downstream-processing) - [Process Analytical Technology (PAT)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/process-analytical-technology) - [Biotech Resource Hub](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub) - [Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/discovery) - [Pre-clinical](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/pre-clinical) - [Phase I-II](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-i-ii) - [Phase III and Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-iii-and-manufacturing) - [Regulatory](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/regulatory) - [Startup Programs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/startup-programs) - 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