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Array CGH Analysis of Challenging Samples __Sunny Song1, Jim Collins1, Steve Michalik2, Chad Brueck2__ 1Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., Santa Clara, CA, 95051, 2MilliporeSigma, 3050 Spruce Street, St. Louis, MO, 63103 AACR, April 2007 Poster # 3792 ### Read more about - [Introduction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#introduction) - [Results](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#results) - [Footnotes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#footnotes) - [Conclusions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#conclusions) - [Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#materials) - [References](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#references) ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Introduction In recent years, array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) has been refined to determine chromosomal changes at progressively higher resolutions1. This evolving technology is, however, hampered by the large DNA input requirement—a minimum of 150,000 copies of a human genome, or 0.5 μg, are generally needed per sample to rocess one CGH array. Often the available tissue collected from a patient, such as small needle biopsies, can limit the scope of downstream analysis. GenomePlex® whole genome amplification (WGA) provides a means to decrease the amount of required DNA for aCGH, in addition to other analyses. The WGA product has also been demonstrated to work on BAC arrays2, 3 and other oligo array platforms4. DNA amplification can expand the number and breadth of applications, such as microarray profiling, to analysis of nanogram quantities of DNA, or even single cells. Furthermore, and perhaps more interesting, GenomePlex WGA enables researchers to representatively amplify the genome from samples that have been fragmented to an average size of less than 1 kb. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Results __100 ng to 1 ng of input DNA__  __Figure 1.__Input titration data from Agilent Human Genome CGH 105A microarrays Dye swap plots are presented side-by-side in each panel (A-F). Polarity +1 (Cy5-HT29/Cy3-Female) is shown on the left and polarity -1 (Cy5-Female/Cy3-HT29) is shown on the right. These CGH plots compare normal female DNA vs. HT29 human colon carcinoma cell line DNA which has a known deletion across the p arm (horizontal shift to left of zero line), an amplification of the q arm in the q23.3-24.33 region (horizontal shift to right of zero line), and a focal deletion in q23.1. Dye swaps (switching the dye labels between samples) were performed on these samples to demonstrate that the results were not an effect of dye bias. Derivative Log2Ratio Standard Deviation (DLRSD) values are shown beneath plots. Array quality metrics are provided in Table 1. A: Amplified from 100 ng input B: Amplified from 50 ng input C: Amplified from 10 ng input D: Amplified from 1 ng input E: Unamplified  SNR-Cy3SNR-Cy5BG Noise-Cy3BG Noise-Cy5 Amplified (100 ng input)1371921.92.6 Amplified (50 ng input)1181902.42.9 Amplified (10 ng input)942022.42.3 Amplified (1 ng input)1422211.72.2 Unamplified (500 ng input)1551902.03.1 Table 1: Array Performance Metrics / QC Results (see Footnote for further explanation) __Gel image, sonication time course of genomic DNA__ __Figure 2.__ 1.2% Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of fragmented DNAs DNA fragment size was determined via gel electrophoresis prior to amplification with GenomePlex WGA. Both human female genomic DNA and HT29 genomic DNA yield a high molecular weight intact band (> 12,000 bp), whereas the DNA was variably sonicated for 5 to 120 sec to yield DNA smears of varying sizes. The 90 sec sonication samples (200–1500 bp, lanes 5 and 9) were used in subsequent aCGH analysis. Lane 1 & 7: Molecular Weight Marker Lane 2: Intact Female DNA (> 12,000 bp) Lane 3: Female DNA sonicated 5 sec (400 – 10,000 bp) Lane 4: Female DNA sonicated 30 sec (250 – 1,500 bp) Lane 5: Female DNA sonicated 90 sec (200 – 1,200 bp) Lane 6: Female DNA sonicated 120 sec (150 – 600 bp) Lane 8: Intact HT29 DNA (> 12,000 bp) Lane 9: HT29 DNA sonicated 90 sec __GenomePlex WGA can amplify DNA below 1kb with results equivalent to intact DNA.__  __Figure 3.__CGH Analytics views of Agilent Human Genome CGH 44B microarrays of chromosome 8 in the human colon carcinoma cell line HT29 vs. normal female WGA product generated from intact HT29 DNA (A) and sonicated (90sec) HT29 DNA (B) revealed identical known deletion across the 8p arm (horizontal shift to left of zero line), amplification along the 8q arm in the 8q23.3-24.23 region (horizontal shift to right of zero line), and a focal deletion in 8q23.1 (horizontal shift to left of zero line, outlined by dotted blue box). Corresponding zoomed-in gene views for data from both intact DNA (C) and fragmented DNA (D) focusing on Chr8 q22.2-23.1, show a distinct ~1.5 MB deletion (marked as thick line) involving the zinc finger protein ZFPM2 and tumor suppressor LRP12 that have been previously reported in BAC array-based analyses. A: Chromosome 8 view of amplified intact DNA comparing HT29/Female (50 ng input) B: Chromosome 8 view of amplified sonicated 90sec DNA comparing HT29/Female (50 ng input) C: Zoomed-in gene view of panel A (12 MB zoom window) D: Zoomed-in gene view of panel B (12 MB zoom window) __Identification of a focal deletion with Agilent Human Genome CGH 244K microarrays using either GenomePlex amplified or unamplified DNA.__  __Figure 4.__CGH Analytics views of Agilent 244K analyses (5) of a human frozen breast tumor vs. normal female Scatter plot (chromosome view) produced from 244K microarray analysis reveals a focal deletion in chromosome 13 p13.1 region (horizontal shift to left of zero line, outlined by dotted blue box) in both the amplified (A) and the unamplified (B) samples. Corresponding zoomed-in gene view (C =amplified, D=unamplified) which focuses on a 3.7 MB window within 13p13.1 containing the focal deletions. Multiple deletion patterns involving breast cancer gene BRCA2 (marked with red bar) within the 1.5MB focal deletion across the 13p 13.1 arm were identified by both WGA product and unamplified genomic DNA generated from breast tumor DNA. A: Breast tumor vs. normal female Chr13, WGA Amplification (50 ng input) B: Breast tumor vs. normal female Chr13, Unamplified (500 ng input) C: Zoomed-in gene view of panel A (3.7 MB window) D: Zoomed-in gene view of panel B (3.7 MB window) __Validation of aCGH breast cancer data using BRCA2 gene-specific quantitative PCR__  __Figure 5:__ The average of three SYBR Green quantitative PCR primer sets targeting exons 2, 3 and 26 (6) of the BRCA2 gene demonstrated a 1.54 cycle difference between breast tumor DNA and normal female DNA. This 2.9 fold (2^1.54) drop in representation of the BRCA2 gene from the tumor sample compared to the normal sample validates the 13 p13.1 focal heterozygous deletion. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Footnotes Array Performance/QC Metrics (CGH Analytics 3.4 software QC metrics) __DLRSD__Derivative Log2 Ratio Standard DeviationStandard deviation of the log ratio differences between consecutive probes divided by sqrt(2). This metric calculates probe-to probe log ratio noise of an array.Excellent: <0.2 Good: 0.2–0.3 Poor: >0.3 __BGNoise__Background NoiseThis metric is calculated as the standard deviation of negative control probes after rejecting feature nonuniform outliers, saturated features, and feature population outliersExcellent: <5 Good: 5–10 Poor: >10 __SNR__Signal to Noise RatioThis metric is calculated as the signal intensity divided by BGNoise.Excellent: >100 Good: 30–100 Poor: <30 ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Conclusions This amplification method allows for lesser amounts (nanogram quantities) of starting material, and is capable of immortalizing precious samples through successive reamplifications. Aside from foregoing the initial restriction enzyme digestion, WGA DNA can be directly incorporated into the oligo-aCGH workflow without any major deviation from Agilent’s recommended protocol. Amplified material produces high-quality array CGH data that match results from unamplified genomic DNA samples. Future experiments will focus on producing high quality genomic profiles from tissue samples, including FFPE and LCM samples 7. ## Materials Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### References 1\. Barrett MT, Scheffer A, Ben-Dor A, Sampas N, Lipson D, Kincaid R, Tsang P, Curry B, Baird K, Meltzer PS, et al. 2004. Comparative genomic hybridization using oligonucleotide microarrays and total genomic DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101(51):17765-17770. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407979101](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407979101) 2\. Johnson NA, Hamoudi RA, Ichimura K, Liu L, Pearson DM, Collins VP, Du M. 2006. Application of array CGH on archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues including small numbers of microdissected cells. Lab Invest. 86(9):968-978. [https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.3700441](https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.3700441) 3\. Little SE, Vuononvirta R, Reis-Filho JS, Natrajan R, Iravani M, Fenwick K, Mackay A, Ashworth A, Pritchard-Jones K, Jones C. 2006. Array CGH using whole genome amplification of fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor DNA. Genomics. 87(2):298-306. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.09.019](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.09.019) 4\. O'Geen H, Nicolet CM, Blahnik K, Green R, Farnham PJ. 2006. Comparison of sample preparation methods for ChIP-chip assays. BioTechniques. 41(5):577-580. [https://doi.org/10.2144/000112268](https://doi.org/10.2144/000112268) 5\. 2007\. Agilent Human, Mouse and Rat Genome CGH Microarrays, 244A and 105A . \[Internet]. USA : Agilent Technologies, Inc . Available from: [http://www.koreabiomics.com/avi/CGH%20array.pdf](http://www.koreabiomics.com/avi/CGH%20array.pdf) 6\. Tavtigian Sea. 1996. The complete BRCA2 gene and mutations in chromosome 13qlinked kindreds. . Nature Genetics . 12 333-337. 7\. Johnson NA, Hamoudi RA, Ichimura K, Liu L, Pearson DM, Collins VP, Du M. 2006. Application of array CGH on archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues including small numbers of microdissected cells. Lab Invest. 86(9):968-978. 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[Duolink^® PLA - Protein Interaction Technology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/duolink-proximity-ligation-assay) - [Immunoassay Platform Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions) - [ELISA Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/elisa-kits) - [MILLIPLEX^® Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/milliplex-multiplex-assays-for-luminex-technology) - [SMC^™ Technology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/single-molecule-counting-technology) - [Protein Electrophoresis & Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting) - [Electrophoresis & Transfer Equipment](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/electrophoresis-and-transfer-equipment) - [Transfer Membranes & Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-membranes-and-kits) - [Immunodetection Reagents & Substrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/immunodetection-reagents-and-substrates) - [Membrane Immunodetection Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/membrane-immunodetection-devices) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gels & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gels-and-buffers) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gel Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gel-stains) - [Protein Markers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-markers) - [Transfer Buffers & Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-buffers-and-reagents) - [Proteins & Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes) - [Albumins & Transport Proteins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/albumins-and-transport-proteins) - [Coenzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/coenzymes) - [Detection Substrates & Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/detection-substrates-and-enzymes) - [Drug Analysis Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/drug-analysis-enzymes) - [Glycobiology Profiling Tools](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/glycosidases) - [Nucleases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/nucleases) - [Proteases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/proteases) - [Tissue Dissociation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/tissue-dissociation) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Protein Purification Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-purification-chromatography) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG^® Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Recombinant/Fusion Tag Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/recombinant-fusion-tag-protein-purification) - [Protein Sample Prep](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep) - [Amicon^® Centrifugals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/amicon-centrifugals) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG^® Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Inhibitor Cocktails](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/inhibitor-cocktails) - [Laboratory Concentration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-concentration-devices) - [Laboratory Dialysis & Diafiltration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-dialysis-and-diafiltration-devices) - [Recombinant/Fusion Tag Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/recombinant-fusion-tag-protein-purification) - [Subcellular Fractionation Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/subcellular-fractionation-reagents) - [Whole Cell Lysis Reagents & Enhancers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/whole-cell-lysis-reagents-and-enhancers) - [Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification) - [Milli-Q^® Benchtop Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-benchtop-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® High-Flow Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-high-flow-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® Clinical Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-clinical-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® Consumables](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-consumables) - [Milli-Q^® Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-accessories) - Applications - [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry) - [Atomic Spectroscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy) - [Calibration, Qualification, Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation) - [Gas Chromatography (GC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/gas-chromatography) - [Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography) - [Large Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/large-molecule-hplc) - [Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/low-pressure-liquid-chromatography) - [Small Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/small-molecule-hplc) - [Mass Spectrometry (MS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/mass-spectrometry) - [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/nuclear-magnetic-resonance) - [Photometry & Reflectometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-reflectometry) - [Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation) - [Sample Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/filtration) - [Sample Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/purification) - [QuEChERS Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/quechers) - 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[Cell-based Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-based-assays) - [Cell Counting & Health analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-counting-and-health-analysis) - [Imaging Analysis & Live Cell Imaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/imaging-analysis-and-live-cell-imaging) - [Cell Culture by Cell Type](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type) - [Mammalian Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/mammalian-cell-culture) - [Microbial Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/microbial-cell-culture) - [Plant Tissue Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/plant-tissue-culture) - [Primary Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/primary-cell-culture) - [Stem Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/stem-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture by Technique](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/3d-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-culture-media-preparation) - [Cell Growth & Maintenance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-growth-and-maintenance) - [Transfection & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/transfection-and-gene-editing) - [Cell Culture for Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-for-manufacturing) - [Cell Culture Troubleshooting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-troubleshooting) - [Chemistry & Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/adc-and-bioconjugation) - [Lead Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/lead-discovery) - [Peptide Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/peptide-synthesis) - [Protein Degradation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/protein-degradation) - [Reaction Design & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/reaction-design-and-optimization) - [Synthetic Methods](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods) - [C-H Functionalization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/ch-functionalization) - [Cross Coupling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/cross-coupling) - [Fluorination](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/fluorination) - [Metathesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/metathesis) - [Organic Reaction Toolbox](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/organic-reaction-toolbox) - [Photocatalysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/photocatalysis) - [Clinical & Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing) - 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[Drinking Water Testing​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/drinking-water-testing) - [Soil, Solid Waste, & Groundwater Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/soil-solid-waste-groundwater-testing) - [Waste Water & Process Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/waste-water-and-process-water-testing) - [Food & Beverage Testing & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing) - [Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/chemical-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Flavor & Fragrance Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/flavor-and-fragrance-formulation) - [Microbiological Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/microbiological-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - 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[Chemical Vapor Deposition](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/chemical-vapor-deposition) - [Contact Lens & Dental Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing) - [Drug Delivery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery) - [Electron Microscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/electron-microscopy) - [Microelectronics & Nanoelectronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/microelectronics-and-nanoelectronics) - [Nanoparticle & Microparticle Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/nanoparticle-and-microparticle-synthesis) - [Organic Electronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/organic-electronics) - [Photovoltaics & Solar Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells) - [Polymer Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/polymer-synthesis) - [Solid State Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/solid-state-synthesis) - [Tissue Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering) - [Microbiological Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing) - [Bioburden Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/bioburden-testing) - [Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-culture-media-preparation) - [Media Fill (APS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/media-fills) - [Microbial Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-water-testing) - [Mycoplasma Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/microbiological-testing/mycoplasma-testing) - 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[Viral-like Particles Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-like-particles-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-vector-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology) - [ELISA](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/elisa) - [Enzyme Activity Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/enzyme-activity-assays) - [Flow Cytometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/flow-cytometry) - [Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/gel-electrophoresis) - [Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/immunohistochemistry) - [Interrogation of Protein Pathways](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/interrogation-protein-pathways) - [Lysis & Protein Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/lysis-and-protein-extraction) - [Protein & Nucleic Acid Interactions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-and-nucleic-acid-interactions) - [Protein Concentration & Buffer Exchange](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-concentration-and-buffer-exchange) - [Protein Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-expression) - [Protein Labeling & Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-labeling-and-modification) - [Protein Pulldown](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-pulldown) - [Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-purification) - [Protein Quantitation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-quantitation) - [Protein Structural Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-structural-analysis) - [Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/western-blotting) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Research & Disease Areas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/research-disease-areas) - [Cancer Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cancer-research) - [Cell & Developmental Biology Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-and-developmental-biology-research) - [Cell Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-signaling) - [Glycobiology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/research-disease-areas/glycobiology) - 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Services - [Contract Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/contract-manufacturing) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/contract-manufacturing/adc-bioconjugation) - [Diagnostic OEM & CMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/diagnostic-oem-cmo) - [mRNA & LNP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services) - [Lipids CDMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipids-cdmo-services) - [Lipid Nanoparticle CDMO Service](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipid-nanoparticle-cdmo-services) - [Small Molecule](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/contract-manufacturing/small-molecule) - [Activated Polyethylene Glycol (PEGs)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/services/contract-manufacturing/peg) - 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