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Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Supelco

1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Butyl alcohol, natural, ≥99.5%, FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

1,3-Propanediol, 98%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, meets USP testing specifications

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, anhydrous, 99.8%

Supelco

Ethanol, standard for GC

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, tested according to Ph. Eur.

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, anhydrous, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, purum, fine spirit, denaturated with 4.8% methanol, F25 METHYL¹, ~96% (based on denaturant-free substance)

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, purum, absolute ethanol, denaturated with 1% cyclohexane, A15 CYCLO¹, ≥99.8% (based on denaturant-free substance)

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure 200 proof, Molecular Biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC-GC, ≥99.8% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, HPLC Plus, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ≥99.9% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, BioUltra, Molecular Biology, ≥99.8%, (absolute alcohol, without additive, A15 o¹)

USP

Residual Solvent Class 2 - Acetonitrile, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, AR, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Vanillin, ≥97%, FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Vanillin, natural, ≥97%, FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Propylene glycol, ≥99.5% (GC), FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Vanillin, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%

Supelco

Acetone, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.8%

Supelco

2-Butanol, analytical standard