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Sigma-Aldrich offers Sigma-Aldrich-387649, N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) for your research needs. Find product specific information including density, CAS, MSDS, protocols and references.

N,N-Diisopropylethylamine redistillation, 99.5 7087-68-5

N,N-Diisopropylethylamine purified by redistillation, 99.5%

N,N-Diisopropylethylamine

Selective Syntheses of Bis [1, 2] dithiolo [1, 4] thiazines and Bis [1, 2] dithiolopyrroles from Hunig's Base.

Enantioselective N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed synthesis of indenopyrones.

Sequential Michael Addition and Enamine-Promoted Inverse Electron Demanding Diels-Alder Reaction upon 3-Vinyl-1,2,4-triazine Platforms.

Asymmetric Hydrogenation of &#945;, &#946;-Unsaturated Nitriles with Base-Activated Iridium N, P Ligand Complexes.

Facile and Gram-scale Synthesis of Metal-free Catalysts: Toward Realistic Applications for Fuel Cells.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is presented for the determination of urinary acylcarnitines. After solid phase extraction on silica columns the acylcarnitines are converted to 4'-bromophenacyl esters with 4'-bromophenacylbromide in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine. Complete derivatization was achieved at 37 degrees C within 30 min. The 4'-bromophenacyl esters were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Hypersil BDS C8 reversed-phase column with a binary gradient containing varying proportions of acetonitrile, water and 0.1 M triethylamine phosphate buffer. Essentially baseline separation was obtained with a standard mixture containing 4'-bromophenacyl esters of carnitine and synthetic acylcarnitines of increasing chain length ranging from acetyl- to palmitoylcarnitine. The method was used to obtain urinary acylcarnitine profiles from patients with propionic, methylmalonic and isovaleric acidemia and with medium-chain and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Quantification of the acylcarnitines was achieved using undecanoylcarnitine as internal standard.

Determination of acylcarnitines in urine of patients with inborn errors of metabolism using high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with 4'-bromophenacylbromide.

We demonstrate that porphyrins can be used as efficient cross-linkers to generate a new class of hydrogels with enabling optical properties. Tetracarboxylic acid porphyrins reacted with PEG diamines to form a condensation polyamide in a range of appropriate conditions, with respect to reaction time, diisopropylethylamine initiator concentration, porphyrin-to-PEG ratio, porphyrin concentration, and PEG size. The network structure of the hydrogel maintained a porphyrin spacing that prevented excessive fluorescence self-quenching despite high porphyrin density. The near-infrared properties readily enabled low background, noninvasive fluorescence monitoring of the implanted hydrogel in vivo, as well as its image-guided surgical removal in real time using a low-cost fluorescence camera prototype. Emission could be tuned by incorporating copper metalloporphyrins into the network. The approach of creating hydrogels using cross-linking porphyrin comonomers creates opportunities for new polymer designs with strong optical character.

Porphyrin-cross-linked hydrogel for fluorescence-guided monitoring and surgical resection.

Sphingolipids play important roles in physiology and cell biology, but a systematic examination of their functions is lacking. We performed a genome-wide CRISPRi screen in sphingolipid-depleted human cells and identified hypersensitive mutants in genes of membrane trafficking and lipid biosynthesis, including ether lipid synthesis. Systematic lipidomic analysis showed a coordinate regulation of ether lipids with sphingolipids, suggesting an adaptation and functional compensation. Biophysical experiments on model membranes show common properties of these structurally diverse lipids that also share a known function as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors in different kingdoms of life. Molecular dynamics simulations show a selective enrichment of ether phosphatidylcholine around p24 proteins, which are receptors for the export of GPI-anchored proteins and have been shown to bind a specific sphingomyelin species. Our results support a model of convergent evolution of proteins and lipids, based on their physico-chemical properties, to regulate GPI-anchored protein transport and maintain homeostasis in the early secretory pathway.

Conserved Functions of Ether Lipids and Sphingolipids in the Early Secretory Pathway.

The membrane-permeant fluorogenic biarsenicals FlAsH-EDT(2) and ReAsH-EDT(2) can be prepared in good yields by a straightforward two-step procedure from the inexpensive precursor dyes fluorescein and resorufin, respectively. Handling of toxic reagents such as arsenic trichloride is minimized so the synthesis can be carried out in a typical chemistry laboratory, usually taking about 2-3 d. A wide range of other biarsenical reagents and intermediates that also bind to tetracysteine-tagged (CysCysProGlyCysCys) proteins can be prepared similarly using this general procedure.

Preparation of the membrane-permeant biarsenicals FlAsH-EDT2 and ReAsH-EDT2 for fluorescent labeling of tetracysteine-tagged proteins.

Materials foreign to the body are used ever more frequently, as increasing numbers of patients require implants. As a consequence, the numbers of implant-related infections have grown as well, and with increasing resistance. Treatments often fail; thus, new antibacterial coating strategies are being developed by scientists to avoid, or at least strongly reduce, bacterial adhesion to implant surfaces. In this study, we focused on producing a self-protective coating combining silver(I) ions and a vancomycin-derived molecule, intelligent pyridinate vancomycin (IPV), with a synergetic and effective action against bacteria. These Ag(I) -IPV conjugate-coated surfaces are well characterized and exhibit strong bactericidal activity in vitro against Staphylococci strains. Furthermore, the released quantities of both drugs from the coated surfaces do not affect their biocompatibility and soft tissue integration. These newly developed Ag(I) -IPV conjugate coatings thus represent a possible and efficient protection method against bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation during and after implant surgery.

New antimicrobial and biocompatible implant coating with synergic silver-vancomycin conjugate action.

Circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) play important physiological roles as contributing components in cellular structure as well as energy utilization. Elevated levels of circulating FFAs are associated with metabolic aberrations in humans. FFAs differ in chain length and saturation and may be altered in metabolically dysregulated conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Potentially, alterations in circulating levels of specific FFAs could also be important in terms of prognostic value. Various methods have been used to analyze FFAs. In this study, a straightforward and accurate method for the determination of FFAs in plasma has been established and evaluated, through conversion of plasma FFAs into acid fluorides followed by conversion to Weinreb amides (dimethylamide). The method is mild, efficient, selective, and quantitative for FFAs, when analyzed with capillary gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Standard curves were linear over the range of 1,000-20,000 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.998, and coefficient of variation of triplicate analysis was <10 %. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was reproducible and repeatable, and recoveries were above 90 %. From the generated MS spectra, five specific FFAs were identified. An explicit interest was the quantification of palmitate (C16:0) and palmitoleate (C16:1), which have been connected with detrimental and positive effects on the insulin-producing beta cells, respectively. The results demonstrate the suitability of Weinreb amides for efficient and rapid isolation of FFAs in plasma, prior to quantitative GC-MS analysis. We suggest that the method can be used as a routine standardized way of quantifying FFAs.

Free fatty acid determination in plasma by GC-MS after conversion to Weinreb amides.

A new family of antitumor prodrugs (1-3) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) possessing photolabile 2-nitrobenzyl chromophores have been designed and synthesized to investigate the efficiency and mechanism of photoactivated 5-FU release upon UV-irradiation at lambda(ex)= 365 nm. The photoactivated prodrug 3 derived from conjugation of 2 with a tumor-homing cyclic peptide Cys-Asn-Gly-Arg-Cys (CNGRC) was so designed as to manifest a tumor-targeting function.

Synthesis and photochemical properties of photoactivated antitumor prodrugs releasing 5-fluorouracil.

Many pathogens that infect humans use cell surface carbohydrates as receptors to facilitate cell-cell adhesion. The hallmark of these interactions is their multivalency, or the simultaneous occurrence of multiple interactions. We have used a carbohydrate-functionalized fluorescent polymer, which displays many carbohydrate ligands on a single polymer chain, to allow for multivalent detection of pathogens. Incubation of a mannose-functionalized polymer with Escherichia coli yields brightly fluorescent aggregates of bacteria. These results show that carbohydrate-functionalized fluorescent polymers are a versatile detection method for bacteria. Future design of detectors for other pathogens only requires information on the carbohydrates bound by the organisms, which has been exhaustively reported in the literature.

Detection of bacteria with carbohydrate-functionalized fluorescent polymers.

Efficient cell-to-cell communication relies on the accurate signalling of cell surface receptors. Understanding the molecular bases of their activation requires the characterization of the dynamic equilibrium between active and resting states. Here, we monitor, using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, the kinetics of the reorientation of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), a class C G-protein-coupled receptor. We demonstrate that most receptors oscillate between a resting- and an active-conformation on a sub-millisecond timescale. Interestingly, we demonstrate that differences in agonist efficacies stem from differing abilities to shift the conformational equilibrium towards the fully active state, rather than from the stabilization of alternative static conformations, which further highlights the dynamic nature of mGluRs and revises our understanding of receptor activation and allosteric modulation.

Fine tuning of sub-millisecond conformational dynamics controls metabotropic glutamate receptors agonist efficacy.

For systemic delivery of siRNA to solid tumors, a size-regulated and reversibly stabilized nanoarchitecture was constructed by using a 20 kDa siRNA-loaded unimer polyion complex (uPIC) and 20 nm gold nanoparticle (AuNP). The uPIC was selectively prepared by charge-matched polyionic complexation of a poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine) (PEG-PLL) copolymer bearing ∼40 positive charges (and thiol group at the ω-end) with a single siRNA bearing 40 negative charges. The thiol group at the ω-end of PEG-PLL further enabled successful conjugation of the uPICs onto the single AuNP through coordinate bonding, generating a nanoarchitecture (uPIC-AuNP) with a size of 38 nm and a narrow size distribution. In contrast, mixing thiolated PEG-PLLs and AuNPs produced a large aggregate in the absence of siRNA, suggesting the essential role of the preformed uPIC in the formation of nanoarchitecture. The smart uPIC-AuNPs were stable in serum-containing media and more resistant against heparin-induced counter polyanion exchange, compared to uPICs alone. On the other hand, the treatment of uPIC-AuNPs with an intracellular concentration of glutathione substantially compromised their stability and triggered the release of siRNA, demonstrating the reversible stability of these nanoarchitectures relative to thiol exchange and negatively charged AuNP surface. The uPIC-AuNPs efficiently delivered siRNA into cultured cancer cells, facilitating significant sequence-specific gene silencing without cytotoxicity. Systemically administered uPIC-AuNPs showed appreciably longer blood circulation time compared to controls, i.e., bare AuNPs and uPICs, indicating that the conjugation of uPICs onto AuNP was crucial for enhancing blood circulation time. Finally, the uPIC-AuNPs efficiently accumulated in a subcutaneously inoculated luciferase-expressing cervical cancer (HeLa-Luc) model and achieved significant luciferase gene silencing in the tumor tissue. These results demonstrate the strong potential of uPIC-AuNP nanoarchitectures for systemic siRNA delivery to solid tumors.

Precise engineering of siRNA delivery vehicles to tumors using polyion complexes and gold nanoparticles.

Glycan microarrays have emerged as novel tools to study carbohydrate-protein interactions. Here we describe the preparation of a covalent microarray with lipochitin oligosaccharides and its use in studying proteins containing LysM domains. The glycan microarray was assembled from glycoconjugates that were synthesized by using recently developed bifunctional chemoselective aminooxy reagents without the need for transient carbohydrate protecting groups. We describe for the first time the preparation of a covalent microarray with lipochitin oligosaccharides and its use for studying proteins containing LysM domains. Lipochitin oligosaccharides (also referred to as Nod factors) were isolated from bacterial strains or chemoenzymatically synthesized. The glycan microarray also included peptidoglycan-related compounds, as well as chitin oligosaccharides of different lengths. In total, 30 ligands were treated with the aminooxy linker molecule. The identity of the glycoconjugates was verified by mass spectrometry, and they were then immobilized on the array. The presence of the glycoconjugates on the array surface was confirmed by use of lectins and human sera (IgG binding). The functionality of our array was tested with a bacterial LysM domain-containing protein, autolysin p60, which is known to act on the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. P60 showed specific binding to Nod factors and to chitin oligosaccharides. Increasing affinity was observed with increasing chitin oligomer length.

Lipochitin oligosaccharides immobilized through oximes in glycan microarrays bind LysM proteins.

Ultrasmall polymer nanoparticles are rapidly gaining importance as nanocarriers for drugs and contrast agents. Here, a straightforward modular approach to efficiently loaded and stable sub-20-nm polymer particles is developed. In order to obtain ultrasmall polymer nanoparticles, we investigated the influence of one to two charged groups per polymer chain on the size of particles obtained by nanoprecipitation. Negatively charged carboxylate and sulfonate or positively charged trimethylammonium groups were introduced into the polymers poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). According to dynamic light scattering, atomic force and electron microscopy, the presence of one to two charged groups per polymer chain can strongly reduce the size of polymer nanoparticles made by nanoprecipitation. The particle size can be further decreased to less than 15 nm by decreasing the concentration of polymer in the solvent used for nanoprecipitation. We then show that even very small nanocarriers of 15 nm size preserve the capacity to encapsulate large amounts of ionic dyes with bulky counterions at efficiencies >90%, which generates polymer nanoparticles 10-fold brighter than quantum dots of the same size. Postmodification of their surface with the PEG containing amphiphiles Tween 80 and pluronic F-127 led to particles that were stable under physiological conditions and in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. This modular route could become a general method for the preparation of ultrasmall polymer nanoparticles as nanocarriers of contrast agents and drugs.

Charge-controlled nanoprecipitation as a modular approach to ultrasmall polymer nanocarriers: making bright and stable nanoparticles.

A polyamide containing N-methylpyrrole (Py) and N-methylimidazole (Im), designated PIPA, binds with high affinity and specificity to specific nucleotide sequences in the minor groove of double-helical DNA. Based on a recent report of the synthesis of PIPA for telomere visualization, the present paper focused on the size of the connecting part (hinge region) of two PIPA segments of the tandem hairpin PIPA, Dab(Im-Im-Py)-Py-Py-Py-Im-[Hinge]-Dab(Im-Im-Py)-Py-Py-Py-Im-βAla-NH(CH2)3N(CH3)-(CH2)3NH-[Dye]. The present paper also describes the characterization of binding by measuring the thermal melting temperature and surface plasmon resonance and by specific staining of telomeres (TTAGGG)n in human cells. Microheterogeneity was also investigated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found that the optimal compound as the hinge segment for telomere staining was [-NH(C2H4O)2(C2H4)CO-] with tetramethylrhodamine as the fluorescent dye.

Structural evaluation of tandem hairpin pyrrole-imidazole polyamides recognizing human telomeres.

Peptides are of great interest to be used as vaccine antigens due to their safety, ease of manufacturing and specificity in generating immune response. There have been massive discoveries of peptide antigens over the past decade. However, peptides alone are poorly immunogenic, which demand co-administration with strong adjuvant to enhance their immunogenicity. Recently, fibril-forming peptides such as Q11 and lipoamino acid-based carrier have been identified to induce substantial immune responses when covalently linked to peptide epitope. In this study, we have incorporated either Q11 or lipoamino acids to a peptide epitope (J14) derived from M protein of group A streptococcus to develop self-adjuvanting vaccines. J14, Q11 and lipoamino acids were also conjugated together in a single vaccine construct in an attempt to evaluate the synergy effect of combining multiple adjuvants. Physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the vaccine constructs folded differently and self-assembled into nanoparticles. Significantly, only vaccine constructs containing double copies of lipoamino acids (regardless in conjugation with Q11 or not) were capable to induce significant dendritic cells uptake and subsequent J14-specific antibody responses in non-sizes dependent manners. Q11 had minimal impact in enhancing the immunogenicity of J14 even when it was used in combination with lipoamino acids. These findings highlight the impact of lipoamino acids moiety as a promising immunostimulant carrier and its number of attachment to peptide epitope was found to have a profound effect on the vaccine immunogenicity.

Self-adjuvanting vaccine against group A streptococcus: application of fibrillized peptide and immunostimulatory lipid as adjuvant.

N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers have shown promise for application in the detection and staging of cancer. However, non-target accumulation, particularly in the liver and spleen, hinders the detection of resident or nearby metastatic lesions thereby decreasing diagnostic effectiveness. Our laboratory has pursued the development of cathepsin S susceptible linkers (CSLs) to reduce the non-target accumulation of diagnostic/radiotherapeutic HPMA copolymers. In this study, we ascertain if the length of the linking group impacts the cleavage and clearance kinetics, relative to each other and a non-cleavable control, due to a reduction in steric inhibition. Three different CSLs with linking groups of various lengths (0, 6 and 13 atoms) were conjugated to HPMA copolymers. In vitro cleavage studies revealed that the longest linking group (13 atoms) led to more rapid cleavage when challenged with cathepsin S. The CSL incorporated HPMA copolymers demonstrated significantly higher levels of excretion and a significant decrease in long-term hepatic and splenic retention relative to the non-cleavable control. Contrary to in vitro observations, the length of the linking group did not substantially impact the non-target in vivo clearance. In the case of HPAC tumor retention, the CSL with the null (0 atom) linker demonstrated significantly higher levels of retention relative to the other CSLs. Given these results, we find that the length of the linking group of the CSLs did not substantially impact non-target clearance, but did influence tumor retention. Overall, these results demonstrate that the CSLs can substantially improve the non-target clearance of HPMA copolymers thereby enhancing clinical potential.

N,N-Diisopropylethylamine

purified by redistillation, 99.5%

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