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锌 puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.9%, granular; CAS Number: 7440-66-6; EC Number: 231-175-3; find Sigma-Aldrich-31653 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich

锌 puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.9%, granular | Sigma-Aldrich

puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., &#8805;99.9%, granular

锌 puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., &#8805;99.9%, granular

Use of activation methods for organozinc reagents.

A scalable zinc activation procedure using dibal-h in a reformatsky reaction.

A Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of Reactive Zinc for the Reformatsky Reaction.

Cyclopropanation of Electron-deficient Olefins with Dibromomethane by Ni (0) Complexes and Zinc.

Highly efficient, general procedure for the preparation of alkylzinc reagents from unactivated alkyl bromides and chlorides.

Cyclopropanes from an Easily Prepared, Highly Active Zinc?Copper Couple, Dibromomethane, and Olefins.

Zinc is one of the most important elements for human body. Zinc deficiency can occur in any age, if it is seen in elderly its clinical results can be more harmful due to already diminished functions. Some studies showed zinc deficiency has an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. In this study we measured the nail zinc levels and aimed to show its clinical implications in geriatric patients, especially Alzheimer disease. 43 patients with Alzheimer disease and 89 patients with normal cognitive function were evaluated. The diagnosis of Alzheimer disease was made according to DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria after cognitive assessment and neuroimaging performed using magnetic resonance. Hand fingernail samples are obtained from the patients. Mean zinc level from fingernail samples was 117.99 ± 73.44 ppm in Alzheimer Disease patients, 123.86 ± 77.98 ppm in control group (p: 0.680). This is the first study measuring nail zinc levels in elderly patients with and without Alzheimer disease. Our data reveal no significant difference in nail zinc levels between two groups. However, fingernail zinc may be a useful biomarker in elderly population.

An alternative way for the evaluation of zinc status in the elderly; nail zinc levels and relationship with Alzheimer's disease.

Black gram plants subjected to varying levels of Zn supply (0.01 to 10 microM Zn) showed optimum growth and dry matter yield in plants receiving 1 microM Zn. The dry matter yield of plants decreased in plants receiving 0.01 and 0.1 microM Zn (deficient) and excess levels of Zn (2 and 10 microM Zn). The plants grown with Zn deficient supply showed delayed flowering, premature bud abscission, reduced size of anthers, pollen producing capacity, pollen viability and stigma receptivity resulting in poor pod formation and seed yield. Providing Zn as a foliar spray at pre-flowering stage minimized the severity of Zn deficiency on reproductive structure development and enhanced the seed nutritional status by enhancing seed Zn density, seed carbohydrate (sugar and starch content) and storage proteins (albumins, globulins, glutenins, and prolamines).

Foliar application of Zn at flowering stage improves plant's performance, yield and yield attributes of black gram.

Studies in rodents indicate that the disruption of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function increases drug distribution into the developing fetus and organs such as the brain. To simultaneously and serially evaluate the effect of P-gp activity and inhibition on the tissue distribution of drugs in a more representative animal model, we tested the feasibility of conducting whole-body PET of the pregnant nonhuman primate (Macaca nemestrina). We used (11)C-verapamil as the prototypic P-gp substrate and cyclosporine A (CsA) as the prototypic inhibitor. Four pregnant macaques (gestational age, 145-159 d; gestational term, 172 d) were imaged after the intravenous administration of (11)C-verapamil (30-72 MBq/kg) before and during intravenous infusion of CsA (12 or 24 mg/kg/h, n = 2 each). The content of verapamil and its metabolites in plasma samples was determined using a rapid solid-phase extraction method. The plasma and tissue time-radioactivity concentration curves of (11)C were integrated over 0-9 min after each verapamil injection. The tissue or arterial plasma area under the time-concentration curve (AUC(tissue)/AUC(plasma)) served as a measure of the tissue distribution of (11)C radioactivity. CsA effect on (11)C radioactivity distribution was interpreted as P-gp inhibition. The change in the fetal liver AUC ratio served as a reporter of placental P-gp inhibition. CsA effect on tissue distribution of (11)C radioactivity (AUC ratios) did not increase with the mean blood concentration of CsA, indicating a near-maximal P-gp inhibition. CsA increased maternal brain and fetal liver distribution of (11)C radioactivity by 276% +/- 88% (P < 0.05) and 122% +/- 75% (P < 0.05), respectively. Changes in other measured tissues were not statistically significant. These data demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, the feasibility of simultaneous, serial, noninvasive imaging of P-gp activity and inhibition in multiple maternal organs and the placenta in the nonhuman primate. Our findings, consistent with previous data in rodents, indicate that the activity of P-gp in the placenta and the blood-brain barrier is high and that the inhibition of P-gp facilitates drug distribution across these barriers.

Simultaneous PET imaging of P-glycoprotein inhibition in multiple tissues in the pregnant nonhuman primate.

To determine the serum zinc level in patients with pneumonia. The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan, from September 2008 to February 2009. All patients above 12 years of age and of either gender who had been diagnosed with pneumonia were further evaluated for their serum zinc status.The data was analysed through SPSS 10.00, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the 118 patients in the study was 25.64 +/- 6.53 years. The mean serum zinc level was 8.279 +/- 2.77 mmol/L, while the mean serum zinc levels in patients having low and normal levels was 6.740 +/- 1.47 mmol/L and 13.243 +/- 1.52 mmol/L respectively (p<0.001). The serum zinc was low in 42 of the 72 (58%) males, and 35 of the 46 (76%) females (p<0.04). There was also significant difference between mean serum zinc level in male and female patients (p<0.03). Out of 77 (65%) hypozincaemic patients, 69 (90%) recovered, while 08 (10%) failed to recover) during their hospital stay (p<0.33). Of the 69 who recovered, 29 (42%) patients did so in less than 2 weeks, while 40 (58%) patients recovered in more than 02 weeks. Serum zinc level was found to be low in patients with pneumonia.

Serum zinc level in patients with pneumonia: a six-month long cross-sectional descriptive study at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.

Conjugated meso-alkynyl 5,15-dimesitylporphyrin metal complexes have been synthesized by Sonogashira coupling reaction in good yields. Alkynyl groups were chosen as a link at the meso positions in order to extend the pi-conjugated length of porphyrin rings. These synthesized porphyrin derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Moreover, UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were also used to investigate their photophysical properties. It has been demonstrated that central metal ions as well as meso substituents on porphyrin rings affected the electronic absorption and emission spectra of the compounds. Spectroscopic results revealed that alkyne-linked porphyrin metal complexes showed higher pi-conjugation compared with porphyrin building blocks resulting in red shifts in both absorption and emission spectra. Coordination properties of synthesized porphyrins were preliminarily investigated by UV-visible absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopic titration with pyridine as axial ligand. The formation of porphyrin-pyridine complexes resulted in significant red shifts in absorption spectra and decrease of fluorescence intensity in emission spectra. Moreover, the 1H NMR titration experiments suggested that central metal ions play an important role to coordinate with pyridine and the coordination of porphyrin zinc(II) complex with pyridine occur in a 1:1 ratio. From these spectroscopic results, alkyne-linked porphyrin metal complexes offer potential applications as materials for optical organic nanosensors.

Synthesis and binding properties of arylethyne-linked porphyrin-zinc complexes for organic electronics applications.

Alzheimer's disease, is a lethal neurodegenerative pathology, characterized by the formation of soluble neurotoxic oligomers of the human amyloid-beta peptide Abeta which get accumulated forming polymeric extracellular aggregates (so-called amyloid plaques). The isomerized at aspartate 7 isoform of the human Abeta (isoAbeta) is the main component of these plaques and is considered as the potential pathogenic agent of AD. Besides this, there is a possible generation mechanism for this isoform from a genetically deficient D7N Abeta variant (Tottori mutation). On the contrary the rodent Abeta (rat Abeta), which has three amino acid substitutions in its metal-binding domain, is not susceptible to pathogenic aggregation in vivo, unlike the other known natural isoforms of Abeta. Interactions with zinc ions play a crucial role in the aggregation of monomeric human Abeta in vitro and in vivo. In the presented article using high resolution ESI-MS methods it was shown that domains 1-16 of isoAbeta and D7NAbeta bind zinc ions in the exactly the same manner as the normal human Abeta1-16, whereas ratAbeta has significant differences in structure of its minimal zinc binding center. These results confirm the overall interaction mechanism between zinc ions and the humanAbeta isoforms and allows to suppose that perhaps modulation of the structure of region 6-14 of Abeta can be used as a promising therapeutic approach to AD treatment.

[Identification of the minimal zinc-binding center in natural isoforms of amyloid-beta domain 1-16 using ESI-MS].

Impact of cadmium and zinc on root system of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens.

The ability for usage of common freshwater charophytes, Chara aculeolata and Nitella opaca in removal of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from wastewater was examined. C. aculeolata and N. opaca were exposed to various concentrations of Cd (0.25 and 0.5 mg/L), Pb (5 and 10 mg/L) and Zn (5 and 10 mg/L) solutions under hydroponic conditions for 6 days. C. aculeolata was more tolerant of Cd and Pb than N. opaca. The relative growth rate of N. opaca was drastically reduced at high concentrations of Cd and Pb although both were tolerant of Zn. Both macroalgae showed a reduction in chloroplast, chlorophyll and carotenoid content after Cd and Pb exposure, while Zn exposure had little effects. The bioaccumulation of both Cd and Pb was higher in N. opaca (1544.3 microg/g at 0.5 mg/L Cd, 21657.0 microg/g at 10 mg/L Pb) whereas higher Zn accumulation was observed in C. aculeolata (6703.5 microg/g at 10 mg/L Zn). In addition, high bioconcentration factor values (> 1000) for Cd and Pb were observed in both species. C. aculeolata showed higher percentage of Cd and Pb removal (> 95%) than N. opaca and seemed to be a better choice for Cd and Pb removal from wastewater due to its tolerance to these metals.

Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: bioaccumulation and toxicity studies of cadmium, lead and zinc.

The aim of this study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of vigorous physical activity, with and without zinc supplementation, on distribution of elements in young amateur boxers. The 8 week intervention trial experiment was designed with 32 healthy adolescent males in three parts: part 1, a 1 hour boxing training program; part 2, 4 weeks of regular boxing training without any supplementation; part 3, 4 weeks of regular boxing training with supplementation of pills containing 50 mg oral zinc. Plasma calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, copper, and magnesium levels of all participants were measured before and after each part of the study. After acute exercise serum calcium, zinc, copper levels decreased (p < 0.001; 0.001 and 0.017, respectively) and phosphorus increased (p < 0.001); iron and magnesium levels did not differ (p > 0.05). However, after 4 weeks of regular boxing training there was a decrease in zinc (93.92 +/- 9.03 microg/dL vs. 85.86 +/- 10.32 microg/dL, p < 0.001) and an increase in calcium concentrations (9.62 +/- 0.34 microg/dL vs. 9.90 +/- 0.26 microg/dL, p < 0.001). Zinc supplementation increased plasma calcium, phosphorus, and iron and decreased copper and magnesium (p < 0.001). The body element distribution of children in pubertal age changes with physical activities. Zinc supplementation can negatively affect their magnesium and copper concentrations.

The effects of acute and regular exercise on calcium, phosphorus and trace elements in young amateur boxers.

Porous coordination polymers (PCPs)/metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are inorganic-organic hybrid materials with a permanent three-dimensional porous metal-ligand network. PCPs or MOFs are inorganic-organic analogs of zeolites in terms of porosity and reversible guest exchange properties. Microporous water-stable PCPs with high water uptake capacity are gaining attention for low temperature heat transformation applications in thermally driven adsorption chillers (TDCs) or adsorption heat pumps (AHPs). TDCs or AHPs are an alternative to traditional air conditioners or heat pumps operating on electricity or fossil fuels. By using solar or waste heat as the operating energy TDCs or AHPs can significantly help to minimize primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions generated by industrial or domestic heating and cooling processes. TDCs and AHPs are based on the evaporation and consecutive adsorption of coolant liquids, preferably water, under specific conditions. The process is driven and controlled by the microporosity and hydrophilicity of the employed sorption material. Here we summarize the current investigations, developments and possibilities of PCPs/MOFs for use in low-temperature heat transformation applications as alternative materials for the traditional inorganic porous substances like silica gel, aluminophosphates or zeolites.

Porous coordination polymers as novel sorption materials for heat transformation processes.

In the paper the relation between the changes of a functional condition of ileum, composition of its microflora and secretory activity of Paneth cells has been investigated. Administration of lincomycin led to a reduction of total of symbiotic bacteria and appearance of opportunistic microflora. Statistically insignificant changes of speed of transit of intestinal contents and damage of barrier function of an intestinal epithelium were noted. The intestinal epithelium was characterized by signs of inflammation. Administration of indomethacin and methotrexate led to significant changes of a functional state of a small intestine of rats. The speed of transit of intestinal contents following indomethacin administration increased by 30%, and, on the contrary, decreased by 90% following administration of methotrexate. The ability of epithelium of ileum to adsorb vital dye in both cases increased (by 32 and 51%, respectively) indicating the damage of barrier function. Thus there were significant changes in structure of microflora of ileum: reduction of quantity symbiotic and emergence of opportunistic microflora, a translocation of bacteria to a mucous wall. It was concluded that animal of all three experimental groups had a reduction of the contents of cationic proteins and zinc in the secretory granules of Paneth cells. These results can testify that balance changes between simbiotic and opportunistic microflora are a factor which has an impact on intestine damage and also causes activation of secretory function of Paneth cells.

[Functional state of the ileum, cationic peptids and zinc content in the Paneth cells of the rats following lincomycin, indomethacin and methotrexate andministration].

Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) is a widespread problem in poultry production and constitutes a welfare issue. The objective of this study was to test potentially prophylactic effects of higher biotin and Zn levels in the diet of broilers exposed to critical litter moisture content (35% water) on the development of FPD. Two trials were performed in each 4 groups of 1-wk-old male broilers (Ross 708) during 33 d. The pens of all groups (25 birds in each) were littered with wood shavings of critical moisture content. Two groups were fed high levels of Zn as zinc-oxide (150 mg/kg of diet), with normal levels of biotin (300 µg/kg of diet) or high biotin (2,000 µg/kg of diet). The other 2 groups were fed Zn as zinc-methionine (150 mg/kg of diet), with normal levels of biotin (300 µg/kg of diet) or high biotin (2,000 µg/kg of diet). External assessment of foot pads and measurements the moisture contents of excreta and litter were performed weekly. The signs of foot pad lesions were recorded on a 7-point scale (0 = normal skin; 7 = more than half of the foot pad is necrotic). High biotin supplementation resulted in a reduction of 30 and 18% of cases of foot pad lesions in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The combination of Zn-methionine and high biotin supplementation led to a decreased severity of FPD in a range of about 50 and 30% in trials 1 and 2, respectively. In broilers fed the diet containing zinc-oxide and normal biotin levels about 28 and 24% of the birds had the scores of 6 and 7 (= high foot pad alterations), whereas in birds fed Zn-methionine and high biotin no high alterations (score = 7) in the foot pad (0%) occurred in either trial. The presented results suggest that it is advisable to combine the maximum levels of Zn (especially of Zn-methionine) and high levels of biotin when clinically relevant alterations in the foot pad occur.

High dietary levels of biotin and zinc to improve health of foot pads in broilers exposed experimentally to litter with critical moisture content.

The paper presents an analysis of authors' results obtained using fixation of various tissues in zink-ethanol-formaldehyde (ZEF). It was found that fixation in ZEF, in comparison with other methods of fixation, allowed to achieve higher sensitivity of immunocytochemical reaction for a large number of antigens studied and, in many cases, to avoid heat unmasking of antigens. It also provided high resolution of the images obtained using the fluorescent and confocal laser microscopy. However, the studies of antigens with small molecular mass revealed the antigen diffusion from the site of original localization. The data obtained suggest that fixation of a material in ZEF fixative is promising for both immunocytochemical studies, including those using the fluorescent and confocal laser microscopy, and general histological practice.

[Advantages and disadvantages of zink-ethanol-formaldehyde as a fixative for immunocytochemistry and confocal laser microscopy].

This article attempts to highlight the prevalence of zinc deficiency and its health and economic consequences in South Asian developing countries and to shed light on possible approaches to combating zinc deficiency. A computer-based search was performed on PubMed, Google, and ScienceDirect.com to retrieve relevant scientific literature published between 2000 and 2012. The search yielded 194 articles, of which 71 were culled. Studies were further screened on the basis of population groups, age and sex, pregnancy, and lactation. The most relevant articles were included in the review. Cutoffs for serum zinc concentration defined for zinc deficiency were 65 microg/dL for males and females aged < 10 years, 66 microg/dL for non-pregnant females, and 70 microg/dL for males aged > or = 10 years. Population segments from rural and urban areas of South Asian developing countries were included in the analysis. They comprised pregnant and lactating women, preschool and school children. The analysis reveals that zinc deficiency is high among children, pregnant and lactating women in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. Diarrhoea has been established as a leading cause to intensify zinc deficiency in Bangladesh. Little has been done in Sri Lanka and Nepal to estimate the prevalence of zinc deficiency precisely. A substantial population segment of the South Asian developing countries is predisposed to zinc deficiency which is further provoked by increased requirements for zinc under certain physiological conditions. Supplementation, fortification, and dietary diversification are the most viable strategies to enhancing zinc status among various population groups.

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puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.9%, granular

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