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Poly(vinyl alcohol) Mw 85,000-124,000, 99+% hydrolyzed; CAS Number: 9002-89-5; Linear Formula: [-CH2CHOH-]n; find Sigma-Aldrich-363146 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich

Poly(vinyl alcohol) Mw 85,000-124,000, 99+ hydrolyzed 9002-89-5

M<SUB>w</SUB> 85,000-124,000, 99+% hydrolyzed

Poly(vinyl alcohol) Mw 85,000-124,000, 99+% hydrolyzed

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

We have developed a novel phantom material: a solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) in ethanol and water, freeze-thawed to produce a solid yet elastically compressible gel. The x-ray attenuation and mechanical properties of these gels are compared with published measurements of breast tissue. Gels with PVAL concentrations from 5 to 20% w/v were produced. The linear x-ray attenuation coefficients of these gels range from 0.76 to 0.86 cm(-1) at 17.5 keV, increasing with PVAL concentration. These values are very similar to the published values of breast tissue at this energy, 0.8-0.9 cm(-1). Under compression cancerous breast tissue is approximately ten times stiffer than healthy breast tissue. The Young's moduli of the gels increase with PVAL concentration. Varying the PVAL concentration from 7.5 to 20% w/v produces gels with Young's moduli from 20 to 220 kPa at 15% strain. These values are characteristic of normal and cancerous breast tissue, respectively.

An elastically compressible phantom material with mechanical and x-ray attenuation properties equivalent to breast tissue.

Design and development of papain-urea loaded PVA nanofibers for wound debridement

Active chitosan/PVA films with anthocyanins from Brassica oleraceae (Red Cabbage) as Time-Temperature Indicators for application in intelligent food packaging

We have reported that of the 10 most commonly used adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype vectors, AAV6 is the most efficient in transducing primary human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro, as well as in vivo. More recently, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), was reported to be a superior replacement for human serum albumin (HSA) for ex vivo expansion of HSCs. Since HSA has been shown to increase the transduction efficiency of AAV serotype vectors, we evaluated whether PVA could also enhance the transduction efficiency of AAV6 vectors in primary human HSCs. We report here that up to 12-fold enhancement in the transduction efficiency of AAV6 vectors can be achieved in primary human HSCs with PVA. We also demonstrate that the improvement in the transduction efficiency is due to PVA-mediated improved entry and intracellular trafficking of AAV6 vectors in human hematopoietic cells in vitro, as well as in murine hepatocytes in vivo. Taken together, our studies suggest that the use of PVA is an attractive strategy to further improve the efficacy of AAV6 vectors. This has important implications in the optimal use of these vectors in the potential gene therapy and genome editing for human hemoglobinopathies such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease.

Enhanced Transduction of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells by AAV6 Vectors: Implications in Gene Therapy and Genome Editing.

Synthesis and characterization of CdS quantum dots with carboxylic-functionalized poly (vinyl alcohol) for bioconjugation

Chronic renal failure involving hemodialysis results in blood loss during filtration. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia can result. A compensatory increase in iron dosage has many side effects including discomfort. Elemental iron is a highly-pure iron source, which reduces the frequency of dosages; the solubility decreases with increased particle size or pore size. In this study, synthesized mesoporous iron particles (MIPs) were used to relieve iron deficiency anemia. Their bioavailability was measured in vitro by a Caco-2 cell model and in vivo in iron-deficient rats. In vitro bioavailability of MIPs was examined by measuring ferritin content in the Caco-2 cell model. Iron uptake of MIPs was significantly higher than commercial iron particles, which were less porous. In vivo bioavailability of MIPs was examined by measuring body weight gain and red blood cell-related parameters, compared with the bioavailability of standard drug ferrous sulfate in iron-deficient anemic rats. Finally, average hemoglobin content and hemoglobin regeneration efficiency were significantly higher in anemic rats supplemented with commercial iron particles, compared to anemic controls. In the 28-day oral toxicity test, MIPs were not significantly toxic to rat physiology or tissue histopathology. Thus, MIPs may allow effective recovery of hemoglobin in iron deficiency anemia.

In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Mesoporous Iron Particles for Iron Bioavailability.

Mucosal vaccination has been demonstrated to be an effective means of eliciting protective immunity against aerosol infections of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and various approaches have been used to improve mucosal response to this pathogen. In this study, cationic PLGA (poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) nano/microparticles were used as an intranasal delivery vehicle as a means administering FMDV DNA vaccine encoding the FMDV capsid protein and the bovine IL-6 gene as a means of enhancing mucosal and systemic immune responses in animals. Three eukaryotic expression plasmids with or without bovine IL-6 gene (pc-P12A3C, pc-IL2AP12A3C and pc-P12AIL3C) were generated. The two latter plasmids were designed with the IL-6 gene located either before or between the P12A and 3C genes, respectively, as a means of determining if the location of the IL-6 gene affected capsid assembly and the subsequent immune response. Guinea pigs and rats were intranasally vaccinated with the respective chitosan-coated PLGA nano/microparticles-loaded FMDV DNA vaccine formulations. Animals immunized with pc-P12AIL3C (followed by animals vaccinated with pc-P12A3C and pc-IL2AP12A3C) developed the highest levels of antigen-specific serum IgG and IgA antibody responses and the highest levels of sIgA (secretory IgA) present in mucosal tissues. However, the highest levels of neutralizing antibodies were generated in pc-IL2AP12A3C-immunized animals (followed by pc-P12AIL3C- and then in pc-P12A3C-immunized animals). pc-IL2AP12A3C-immunized animals also developed stronger cell mediated immune responses (followed by pc-P12AIL3C- and pc-P12A3C-immunized animals) as evidenced by antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and expression levels of IFN-γ by both CD4+ and CD8+ splenic T cells. The percentage of animals protected against FMDV challenge following immunizations with pc-IL2AP12A3C, pc-P12AIL3C or pc-P12A3C were 3/5, 1/5 and 0/5, respectively. These data suggested that intranasal delivery of cationic PLGA nano/microparticles loaded with various FMDV DNA vaccine formulations encoding IL-6 as a molecular adjuvant enhanced protective immunity against FMDV, particularly pc-IL2AP12A3C with IL-6 gene located before P12A3C gene.

Intranasal delivery of cationic PLGA nano/microparticles-loaded FMDV DNA vaccine encoding IL-6 elicited protective immunity against FMDV challenge.

Multipotent self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regenerate the adult blood system after transplantation1, which is a curative therapy for numerous diseases including immunodeficiencies and leukaemias2. Although substantial effort has been applied to identifying HSC maintenance factors through the characterization of the in vivo bone-marrow HSC microenvironment or niche3-5, stable ex vivo HSC expansion has previously been unattainable6,7. Here we describe the development of a defined, albumin-free culture system that supports the long-term ex vivo expansion of functional mouse HSCs. We used a systematic optimization approach, and found that high levels of thrombopoietin synergize with low levels of stem-cell factor and fibronectin to sustain HSC self-renewal. Serum albumin has long been recognized as a major source of biological contaminants in HSC cultures8; we identify polyvinyl alcohol as a functionally superior replacement for serum albumin that is compatible with good manufacturing practice. These conditions afford between 236- and 899-fold expansions of functional HSCs over 1 month, although analysis of clonally derived cultures suggests that there is considerable heterogeneity in the self-renewal capacity of HSCs ex vivo. Using this system, HSC cultures that are derived from only 50 cells robustly engraft in recipient mice without the normal requirement for toxic pre-conditioning (for example, radiation), which may be relevant for HSC transplantation in humans. These findings therefore have important implications for both basic HSC research and clinical haematology.

Long-term ex vivo haematopoietic-stem-cell expansion allows nonconditioned transplantation.

A tetragonal polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffold with 3D orthogonal periodic porous architecture was fabricated via selective laser sintering (SLS) technology. The scaffold was fabricated under the laser power of 8 W, scan speed of 600 mm min(-1), laser spot diameter of 0.8 mm and layer thickness of 0.15 mm. The microstructure analysis showed that the degree of crystallization decreased while the PVA powder melts gradually and fuses together completely with laser power increasing. Thermal decomposition would occur if the laser power was further higher (16 W or higher in the case). The porous architecture was controllable and totally interconnected. The porosity of the fabricated scaffolds was measured to be 67.9 ± 2.7% which satisfies the requirement of micro-pores of the bone scaffolds. Its bioactivity and biocompatibility were also evaluated in vitro as tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds. In vitro adhesion assay showed that the amount of pores increased while the scaffold remains stable and intact after immersion in simulated body fluid for seven days. Moreover, the number of MG-63 cells and the bridge between cells increased with increasing time in cell culture. The present work demonstrates that PVA scaffolds with well-defined porous architectures via SLS technology were designed and fabricated for bone TE.

Fabrication of porous polyvinyl alcohol scaffold for bone tissue engineering via selective laser sintering.

Preoperative embolization of tumors is a well-established procedure that has been successfully applied in various clinical situations. Preoperative embolization can reduce the vascularity of tumors resulting in a clearer operative field, less difficult dissection, decreased blood loss, and, in some cases, a decrease in tumor size. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the preoperative embolization of giant thoracic tumors. To examine the effectiveness and safety of interventional embolization of giant thoracic tumors before surgical resection. A total of 14 consecutive patients with giant thoracic tumors received angiography and the feeding arteries of the tumors were embolized using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and gelatin sponges 1 day before surgical resection. The patient records were retrospectively reviewed and data regarding diagnoses, embolization, and surgical resection were recorded. Angiography revealed the feeding arteries of the tumors to be characterized by multiple branches and thickened vessel trunks with abnormal distal branches superimposed of the tumor shadow. Embolization was successfully without complications in all patients, and all feeding vessels of each tumor were occluded. Embolization reduced the severity of bleeding during surgery and decreased the difficulty of resection of the tumor. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. Interventional embolization is a safe and efficient method to facilitate the surgical resection of giant thoracic tumors.

Interventional embolization of giant thoracic tumors before surgical resection.

Pollock gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibers were electrospun using deionized water as the solvent and pollock gelatin/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers were electrospun using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as the solvent. The chemical, thermal, and thermal stability properties were examined for the electrospun samples. The electrospun PVA samples generally had thinner and more uniform fibers than the electrospun PLA samples. For the PVA samples, an increase in total solids content and PVA to gelatin ratio generally resulted in higher average fiber diameter values and wider diameter distributions. Pollock gelatin in both types of electrospun samples remained amorphous. The PVA in electrospun samples had comparable melting temperatures to that of neat PVA, whereas the PLA in electrospun samples had slightly lower melting temperatures than that of neat PLA. Also, the PLA in electrospun samples had crystallization temperatures approximately 30 °C lower than that in neat PLA. This was due to better alignment of PLA chains during electrospinning, which resulted in the chains being more readily crystallized at lower temperatures. In addition, the electrospun PVA samples completely dissolved in water at room temperature after soaking for one day, whereas the electrospun PLA samples remained intact even after soaking for three days.

Properties of electrospun pollock gelatin/poly(vinyl alcohol) and pollock gelatin/poly(lactic acid) fibers.

Emphysema is a progressive and irreversible disease for which there is no cure to date. The patients experience debilitating shortness of breath with repetitive exacerbations and poor quality of daily life. At present, patients with severe emphysema have limited treatment options. Endoscopic lung-volume reduction with valve implantation or using lung sealant is a treatment option for patients with severe emphysema. By our patients, we detected collateral channels, which allow airflow into the target lobe and prevent atelectasis and significant lung-volume reduction. Thus, we decided to treat the advanced emphysema of our patients with endoscopic volume reduction using lung sealant (AeriSeal). Lung-volume reduction surgery reduces hyperinflation and improves lung function by removal of emphysematous lung tissue. However, lung-volume reduction surgery is also associated with significant short-term morbidity and mortality. Results from recently published Endobronchial Valve for Emphysema Palliation Trail (VENT) and Exhale Airway Stents for Emphysema (EASE) trial showed that treatment was substantially less effective and did not consistently reduce hyperinflation or improve lung function mostly likely due to collateral ventilation present in majority of patients. There is a volume reduction therapy in case of detection of collateral flow; use of a lung sealant is a possible alternative. A novel endoscopic tissue sealant (AeriSeal; Aeris Therapeutics, Woburn, MA) is a liquid foam sealant that collapses hyperinflated lung areas destroyed by emphysema. The foam of lung sealant AeriSeal is instilled into the peripheral airways and alveoli where it polymerizes and functions as tissue glue, forming a film of material on the lung surface that seals the target region to cause durable absorption atelectasis. Two patients with advanced emphysema and hyperinflation underwent endoscopic volume reduction with endoscopic tissue sealant (AeriSeal); collateral flow was confirmed by using the Chartis System. Both patients experienced transient fever, malaise, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath for about 3 days after the procedure. Over a period of 8 and 12 weeks, the air within the sealed region was absorbed and the treated area showed atelectasis on computed tomography scan. The follow-up evaluations of those 2 patients showed improved lung function (increased FEV1, and a reduction of TLC and RV) with improved quality of life of both patients. Correlation and comparisons between changes in primary and secondary outcome measures in the lung function parameters and 6-minute walking test before and after the application of AeriSealant revealed significant reduction of hyperinflation and improvement both in the flow rates and physical capacity of our patients.

Treatment of severe advanced emphysema with volume reduction using lung sealant: a case report of 2 patients.

Extremophilic bacterial polysaccharide based biocompatible nanofibers were produced for the first time via electrospinning technique. Mauran (MR), an extremophilic sulfated exopolysaccharide was extracted from moderately halophilic bacterium, Halomonas maura and characterized for the application of nanofiber synthesis. Thin-uniform MR nanofibers were produced using homogenous solutions of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blended with different concentrations of MR. Characterization of complex MR/PVA nanofibers were performed using scanning electron microscope and analyzed for the cytotoxicity using mouse fibroblast cells as well as mesenchymal stem cells. An average of 120 nm sized nanofibers were produced and tested for an enhanced cell growth under in vitro conditions in comparison with control. MR and MR/PVA nanofibers were found to be an excellent biomaterial for the migration, proliferation and differentiation of mammalian cells, which was confirmed by cell adhesion studies and confocal microcopy. Interestingly, biological and physicochemical properties of MR hasten the application of MR based nanofibers for various biomedical applications like tissue engineering and drug delivery.

Biocompatible nanofibers based on extremophilic bacterial polysaccharide, Mauran from Halomonas maura.

Novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/citric acid/chitosan (PVA/CA/CHT, PCC) beads were prepared as an adsorbent for the removal of trivalent chromium (Cr(3+)) in aqueous solutions. PCC beads with different mass ratios (I, II, III, IV, V, ad VI) between PVA/CA/CHT were evaluated for the removal of Cr(3+) ions to find an optimal stoichiometry of PCC beads, which indicated that the PCC bead (II) with the PVA/CA/CHT mass ratio of 1/5/1 showed the highest adsorption for Cr(3+) ions. The surface characteristics of PCC beads (II) were determined by scanning electron microscopy using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results obtained in this study implied that PCC bead (II) had an obviously rough and folded structure, and its spectrum manifested significant changes compared to those of PVA, CA and CHT. The sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of PCC beads (II) to adsorb Cr(3+) ions in aqueous solutions. Results indicated that the Cr(3+) ion sorption onto PCC beads (II) was highly pH-dependent with the maximum uptake at pH 6.0. The sorption kinetics data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order equation with high regression coefficients. Sorption isotherm of PCC beads (II) was well described by Langmuir equation, with a maximum sorption at 41.5mg Cr/g PCC beads (II). Desorption studies were also carried out by the repeated sorption/desorption experiments. The high efficiency and reusability of PCC beads (II) make them an attractive sorbent for the removal of Cr(3+) and possibly other metals in aqueous solutions.

Evaluation of a novel chitosan polymer-based adsorbent for the removal of chromium (III) in aqueous solutions.

The degradation characteristics of the new mixed strains isolated from a de-sizing process which could degrade PVA thoroughly were studied. The interrelation of seven kinds of single bacterium separated from mixed strains was studied through combination experiments. The degradation process was analysed through UV spectrum, IR, GPC and other methods. The enzymatic properties and enzymatic reaction dynamic processes were studied. The results showed that PVA with the initial average molecular weight of 51,260 Da could be degraded thoroughly by seven kinds of single bacterium because of their mutual coordination effect. In addition, some carboxylic acid and methyl ketone substances could be produced in the PVA degradation process by some bacteria (mainly A4 and C1). These middle smaller molecular weight materials would be further degraded thoroughly by other bacteria (mainly A1 and A3). The PVA-degrading enzyme that was produced by the mixed strains was mainly an exocellular enzyme. The enzyme reaction kinetics equation was v = 19.5[S]/(2.06 × 10(-3) + [S]).

Biodegradation of PVA by the new mixed strains isolated from a de-sizing process.

A carbon nanotube (CNT) integrated polymer composite membrane with a polyvinyl alcohol barrier layer has been prepared to separate oil from water for treatment of oil-containing waste water. The CNTs were synthesised using chemical vapour deposition, and a phase inversion method was employed for the blending of the CNTs in the polymer composite solution for casting of the membrane. Relative to the baseline polymer, an increase of 119% in the tensile strength, 77% in the Young's modulus and 258% in the toughness is seen for a concentration of 7.5% CNTs in the polymer composite. The permeate through the membrane shows oil concentrations below the acceptable 10 mg/L limit with an excellent throughput and oil rejection of over 95%.

A carbon nanotube-infused polysulfone membrane with polyvinyl alcohol layer for treating oil-containing waste water.

The aim of this study was to investigate the preparation of novel membrane and the characterization of their properties. A new class of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based polyvinyl alcohol Ce(IV) phosphate composite membrane was successfully prepared by solution casting method. The structural formation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and morphological studies. The thermal property was investigated by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) method. The order of surface charge density for various electrolytes was found to be LiCl<NaCl<KCl.

Evaluation of transport parameters for PVC based polyvinyl alcohol Ce(IV) phosphate composite membrane.

C6-carboxy-cellulose with a carboxylate content of 0.8 mmol g(-1) was obtained by oxidation of once-dried cellulose, using the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)/NaClO/NaClO2 system at pH 6.8 and 60 °C for 16 h. This method, with the addition of reagents in the order TEMPO, NaClO and NaClO2, was 38 h faster than a previously published method. Individualized cellulose nanofibrils with a width of 3-5 nm and a length of several hundred nanometers were prepared by homogenizing the C6-carboxy-cellulose-water suspension. Macroporous cellulose nanofibril/poly(vinyl alcohol) scaffolds with interconnected large pores of 20-100 μm diameter and small pores of 2-10 μm diameter were fabricated. The cellulose nanofilaments formed nanofibrous structures on the surface of the PVA wall, which was similar to that of the collagen skeleton of the extracellular matrix. NIH/3T3 cells were cultured in the scaffolds for 4 weeks, SEM observation showed that the cells were anchored and clustered on the cellulose nanofilaments, forming spherical colonies. The extracellular matrix (ECM) was filled with mineralized particles.

Fast and continuous preparation of high polymerization degree cellulose nanofibrils and their three-dimensional macroporous scaffold fabrication.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) microspectroscopy is a very promising label-free, noncontact, and nondestructive method for real-time monitoring of extracellular matrix (ECM) development and cell integration in scaffolds for tissue engineering. Here, we prepare a new type of micrometer-sized SERS substrate, core-shell microparticles composed of solid carbonate core coated with silver nanoparticles and polyhedral multishell fullerene-like structure, astralen. Astralen has been assembled with polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) by the layer-by-layer manner followed by Ag nanoparticle formation by means of a silver mirror reaction, giving the final structure of composite particles CaCO3(PAH/astralen)x/Ag, where x = 1-3. The components of the microparticle carry multiple functionalities: (i) an easy identification by Raman imaging (photostable astralen) and (ii) SERS due to a rough surface of Ag nanoparticles. A combination of Ag and astralen nanoparticles provides an enhancement of astralen Raman signal by more than 1 order of magnitude. Raman signals of commonly used scaffold components such as polylactide and polyvinyl alcohol as well as ECM component (hyaluronic acid) are significantly enhanced. Thus, we demonstrate that new mechanically robust and easily detectable (by astralen signal or optically) core-shell microspheres based on biocompatible CaCO3 can be used as SERS platform. Particle design opens many future perspectives for fabrication of SERS platforms with multiple functions for biomedical applications, for example, for theranostic.

New surface-enhanced Raman scattering platforms: composite calcium carbonate microspheres coated with astralen and silver nanoparticles.

Solution growth of apatite its precursors in the presence of urea commercial gelatin is found to lead, under appropriate conditions, to a rich spectrum of morphologies, among them high aspect ratio needles in uniform sturdy spherulitic assemblies resulting from a herein documented morphological 'Chrysalis Transformation'; the latter transformation involves the growth of parallel arrays of high aspect ratio needles within micron-scale tablets the formation of a radial needle arrangement upon disruption of tablet wrapping. A different level of gelatin leads to the formation of sturdy platelet-based spherulites through another morphological transformation. We also probe the role of four simple synthetic water-soluble polymers; we find that three of them (poly(vinyl alcohol), polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyacrylamide)) also affect substantially the assembly habits of apatite; the effect is similar to that of gelatin but the attained control is less perfect/complete. The case of poly(vinyl alcohol) provides, through variation of the degree of hydrolysis, insights as regards the chain architecture features that might favor morphological transformations. Morphological transformations of particle assemblies documented herein constitute novel ways of generating dense quasi-isotropic reinforcements with high aspect ratio ceramic particles; it becomes possible to tailor calcium phosphate phases at the structural level of crystal assembly.

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

M_w 85,000-124,000, 99+% hydrolyzed

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falling ball

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InChI key

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WGK Germany

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