Physics in medicine and biology, 26(3), 435-443 (1981-05-01)
Curves relating beam energy, scattering foil thickness, central-axis depth-dose, and beam flatness have been generated using data taken on a Siemens 200A betatron. The curve set allows a single combination of tungsten foil thickness and electron beam energy to be
Thermionic electron emission from 200 to 500 nm thick coatings of scandium oxide on tungsten foil have been examined in thermionic emission microscopy, spectroscopic photoelectron microcopy, synchrotron radiation and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). A clear dependence of the scandium oxide-W
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 73(6), 1099-1113 (2010-09-16)
Tungsten is a widely used transition metal that has not been thoroughly investigated with regards to its ecotoxicological effects. Tungsten anions polymerize in environmental systems as well as under physiological conditions in living organisms. These polymerization/condensation reactions result in the
There is emerging evidence that tungsten has toxic health effects. We summarize the recent tungsten toxicity research in this short review. Tungsten is widely used in many commercial and military applications because it has the second highest melting temperature of
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1125, 215-229 (2007-12-22)
The history and changing function of tungsten as the heaviest element in biological systems is given. It starts from an inhibitory element/anion, especially for the iron molybdenum-cofactor (FeMoCo)-containing enzyme nitrogenase involved in dinitrogen fixation, as well as for the many
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