Supelco

Pectin for use with Total Dietary Fiber Control Kit, TDF-C10; CAS Number: 9000-69-5; EC Number: 232-553-0; find Supelco-P7536 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich

Pectin for use with Total Dietary Fiber Control Kit, TDF-C10 9000-69-5

for use with Total Dietary Fiber Control Kit, TDF-C10

Pectin

Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis.

Chemistry and uses of pectin - A review

Pollen grains are surrounded by a sculpted wall, which protects male gametophytes from various environmental stresses and microbial attacks, and also facilitates pollination. Pollen wall development requires lipid and polysaccharide metabolism, and some key genes and proteins that participate in these processes have recently been identified. Here, we summarise the genes and describe their functions during pollen wall development via several metabolic pathways. A working model involving substances and catalytic enzyme reactions that occur during pollen development is also presented. This model provides information on the complete process of pollen wall development with respect to metabolic pathways.

Pollen wall development: the associated enzymes and metabolic pathways.

Pectin represents a very complex, heterogeneous family of plant cell wall polysaccharides that play a significant role in plant growth, morphology, development, and plant defense and also serves as a gelling and stabilizing polymer in diverse food and specialty products and has positive effects on human health. In this review functional and structural characteristic of pectin molecule elements and their interconnections are described. Attention is also given to process of commercial production of pectin with special emphasis on composition and physical properties of commercial pectin as a result of the acid extraction.

[Structure and properties of pectin].

The formation of blue coloured ferric anthocyanin chelates and their colour stability during storage and thermal treatment were monitored in a pH range relevant to food (3.6-5.0). Liquid model systems were composed of different types of Citrus pectins, juices (J) and the respective phenolic extracts (E) from elderberry (EB), black currant (BC), red cabbage (RC) and purple carrot (PC) in the presence of ferric ions. For EB, BC and PC, pure blue colours devoid of a violet tint were exclusively observed for the phenolic extracts and at pH values ≥ 4.5 in model systems containing high methoxylated and amidated pectins, respectively. Colour and its stability strongly depended on the amount of ferric ions and the plant source; however, colour decay could generally be described as a pseudo-first-order kinetics. Despite optimal colour hues for RC-E and RC-J, storage and heat stabilities were poor. Highest colour intensities and best stabilities were observed for model systems containing PC-E at a molar anthocyanin:ferric ion ratio of 1:2. Ascorbic and lactic acids interfered with ferric ions, thus significantly affecting blue colour evolution and stability. Colour loss strongly depended on heat exposure with activation energies ranging between 60.5 and 78.4 kJ/mol. The comprehensive evaluation of the interrelationship of pigment source, pH conditions and pectin type on chelate formation and stability demonstrated that ferric anthocyanin chelates are promising natural blue food colourants.

Colour and stability assessment of blue ferric anthocyanin chelates in liquid pectin-stabilised model systems.

Fentanyl pectin nasal spray is a novel intranasal formulation for the management of breakthrough cancer pain in patients taking and tolerant to opioids for persistent cancer pain. The pectin-based delivery modulates the product's transmucosal absorption. Nasal delivery allows fentanyl pectin nasal spray to achieve a greater maximum plasma concentration than oral transmucosal fentanyl products and at a much faster rate. Compared with intranasal fentanyl compounded with aqueous solutions, the pectin-based system decreases the maximum plasma concentration and prolongs exposure to more closely match the time course of a typical breakthrough cancer pain episode. Throughout all phases of clinical studies, it was shown to be safe and effective in doses between 100 and 800 µg per breakthrough pain episode. Fentanyl pectin nasal spray is the only proprietary intranasal fentanyl formulation in the USA and one of two in Europe. Owing to the medication's delivery system, the pharmacokinetics and subsequent dosing are unique to this product and should not be interchanged with any other proprietary or compounded fentanyl product.

Fentanyl pectin nasal spray: a novel intranasal delivery method for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain.

Apple pectins, proteins and catechins were combined in model systems, and the resulting hazes were measured by spectrophotometric method, a zeta potential and particle size analyzer and Ostwald viscosimeter. The amount of hazes formed depends on the concentrations of both protein and pectin. The cooperative hydrogen bonding between the numerous hydroxyl groups of pectins and hydrone and the gel-like structure developed by pectin induced the solvation or solubilization of polymers, and the protein molecule has a fixed number of polyphenol binding sites. The influence of pectin relative molecular mass and degree of esterification on the formation of suspended particles is prominent, and this makes the number of hydroxyl groups and charge of pectin which is concerned with combining protein and catechin to change a lot. More haze was observed when model systems were heated, suggesting that hydrophobic groups of protein are beneficial to their binding with phenols and pectins. The pH value affects the charged state of the protein and pectin, which influences the combination of pectin-gliadin-catechin.

Nature of pectin-protein-catechin interactions in model systems: pectin-protein-catechin interactions.

An intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharide (CUI-3IIb-3-2, 18kDa) was purified from Citrus unshiu peel. CUI-3IIb-3-2 mainly comprised GalA, GlcA, Ara, Gal and Rha, and it consisted of 4-linked GalA, terminal Araf, 4- or 5-linked/3,4- or 3,5-branched Ara, terminal Gal, and 2-linked/2,4-branched Rha. After CUI-3IIb-3-2 digestion by endo-α-d-(1→4)-polygalacturonase, its hydrolysate was fractionated into PG-1 and PG-2. Methylation analyses of PG-1 and PG-2 using base-catalysed β-elimination suggested that CUI-3IIb-3-2 be assumed as pectic-type polysaccharide. Since the activities of PG-1 and PG-2 were potently decreased, the whole polysaccharide structure of CUI-3IIb-3-2 would be essential to maintain the activity. Meanwhile, when CUI-3IIb was orally administered in mice, bone marrow cell proliferation and GM-CSF/IL-6 production from Peyer's patch cell were significantly higher (1.76- and 2.03/2.51-fold, respectively) than a saline. Therefore, a pectic-type polysaccharide from citrus peel could stimulate Peyer's patches and produce hematopoietic growth factors resulted in bone marrow cell proliferation.

Peyer's patch-mediated intestinal immune system modulating activity of pectic-type polysaccharide from peel of Citrus unshiu.

An assessment of recent technical advances on pretreatment processes and its effects on enzymatic hydrolysis as the main steps of a proposed citrus processing waste (CPW) biorefinery is presented. Engineering challenges and relevant gaps in scientific and technical information for reliable design, modeling and scale up of a CPW biorefinery are also discussed. Some integrated physico-chemical pretreatments are proposed for testing for CPW, including high speed knife-grinding and simultaneous caustic addition. These new proposed processes and the effect of parameters such as particle size, surface area and morphology, pore volume and chemical composition of the diverse fractions resulting from pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis need to be evaluated and compared for pretreated and untreated samples of grapefruit processing waste. This assessment suggests the potential for filling the data gaps, and preliminary results demonstrate that the reduction of particle size and the increased surface area for the CPW will result in higher reaction rates and monosaccharide yields for the pretreated waste material.

A citrus waste-based biorefinery as a source of renewable energy: technical advances and analysis of engineering challenges.

Recently, in order to improve the resistance of flax plants to pathogen infection, transgenic flax that overproduces β-1,3-glucanase was created. β-1,3-glucanase is a PR protein that hydrolyses the β-glucans, which are a major component of the cell wall in many groups of fungi. For this study, we used fourth-generation field-cultivated plants of the Fusarium -resistant transgenic line B14 to evaluate how overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene influences the quantity, quality and composition of flax fibres, which are the main product obtained from flax straw. Overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase did not affect the quantity of the fibre obtained from the flax straw and did not significantly alter the essential mechanical characteristics of the retted fibres. However, changes in the contents of the major components of the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin) were revealed. Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene resulted in higher cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents and a lower lignin content in the fibres. Increases in the uronic acid content in particular fractions (with the exception of the 1 M KOH-soluble fraction of hemicelluloses) and changes in the sugar composition of the cell wall were detected in the fibres of the transgenic flax when compared to the contents for the control plants. The callose content was lower in the fibres of the transgenic flax. Additionally, the analysis of phenolic compound contents in five fractions of the cell wall revealed important changes, which were reflected in the antioxidant potential of these fractions. Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene has a significant influence on the biochemical composition of flax fibres. The constitutive overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase causes a decrease in the callose content, and the resulting excess glucose serves as a substrate for the production of other polysaccharides. The monosaccharide excess redirects the phenolic compounds to bind with polysaccharides instead of to partake in lignin synthesis. The mechanical properties of the transgenic fibres are strengthened by their improved biochemical composition, and the increased antioxidant potential of the fibres supports the potential use of transgenic flax fibres for biomedical applications.

Fibres from flax overproducing β-1,3-glucanase show increased accumulation of pectin and phenolics and thus higher antioxidant capacity.

The covalent binding of pectinase onto amino functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CSMNPs) through glutaraldehyde activation was investigated for nanobiocatalyst fabrication. The average particle size and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The statistical analysis for TEM image suggests that the coating and binding process did not cause any significant change in size of MNPs. The morphological and phase change of the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) after various coatings and immobilization were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The various surface modifications and pectinase binding onto nanoparticles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The maximum activity of immobilized pectinase was obtained at its weight ratio of 19.0×10(-3) mg bound pectinase/mg CSMNPs. The pH, temperature, reusability, storage ability and kinetic studies were established to monitor their improved stability and activity of the fabricated nanobiocatalyst. Furthermore, the application was extended in the clarification of Malus domestica juice.

Fabrication, characterization and application of pectin degrading Fe3O4-SiO2 nanobiocatalyst.

This study developed and evaluated a colon-specific pulsatile capsule with tablet of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). This system is based on an impermeable capsule containing a rapid-disintegrating curcumin-loaded SMEDDS tablet inside it, and a highly methoxylated pectin (H-pectin)/lactose tablet plugged in the capsule mouth. The SMEDDS tablet enhanced the solubility of curcumin, a water-insoluble drug. An in vitro release study of the pulsatile capsule showed a typical pulsatile release profile with a specific lag time. The lag time, which determines the efficiency of colon-specific delivery, could be regulated by varying the H-pectin/lactose ratio. Pectinase and rat cecal contents added to the release medium significantly shortened the erosion time, which proved that the H-pectin plug is sensitive to enzyme degradation. These results show that the pulsatile capsule with SMEDDS tablet has potential for the colon-specific delivery of water-insoluble drugs.

A novel plug-controlled colon-specific pulsatile capsule with tablet of curcumin-loaded SMEDDS.

The impact of pectinases in the hydrolysis of fresh, steam-exploded and ensiled hemp was investigated and the synergy between cellulases, pectinases and xylanase in the hydrolysis was evaluated. About half; 59.3% and 46.1% of pectin in the steam-exploded and ensiled hemp, respectively, could be removed by a low dosage of pectinases used. Pectinases were more efficient than xylanase in the hydrolysis of fresh and ensiled hemp whereas xylanase showed higher hydrolytic efficiency than the pectinase preparation used in the hydrolysis of steam-exploded hemp. Clear synergistic action between cellulases and xylanase could be observed in the hydrolysis of steam-exploded hemp. Supplementation of pectinase resulted in clear synergism with cellulases in the hydrolysis of all hemp substrates. Highest hydrolysis yield of steam-exploded hemp was obtained in the hydrolysis with cellulases and xylanase. In the hydrolysis of ensiled hemp, the synergistic action between cellulases and pectinases was more obvious for efficient hydrolysis.

Synergy between cellulases and pectinases in the hydrolysis of hemp.

Niacin, or vitamin B3, when used in high doses can significantly improve the levels of all major lipoproteins. Despite these benefits, the use of niacin is greatly limited secondary to benign yet bothersome cutaneous flushing primarily involving the face and upper extremities. Pretreatment with aspirin or other prostaglandin inhibitors has demonstrated significant reductions in niacin-induced flushing (NIF), but other treatment options are needed. Clinical and anecdotal evidence suggests the ingestion of pectin-containing fruits (eg, apple) mitigates NIF; however, clinical trials evaluating this are nonexistent. That pretreatment with encapsulated apple pectin would limit the incidence, severity, time of initiation, and duration of NIF. We enrolled 100 niacin-naïve subjects (n = 25 per group) and preteated them in a double-blind manner with apple pectin, apple pectin + aspirin, aspirin, or placebo, followed by a one-time 1000 mg dose of niacin extended-release (niacin ER). Subjects then assessed major flushing parameters hourly for the next 6 hours with a validated visual analog scale. Apple pectin and aspirin each significantly lowered the duration of NIF and produced nonsignificant but positive improvements in all other major flushing parameters compared with placebo. Apple pectin may potentially be an alternative to aspirin for the prevention of NIF. Larger trials are needed to further evaluate the benefit of pectin on NIF.

Apple pectin for the reduction of niacin-induced flushing.

It is important for industries to find green chemistries for manufacturing their products that have utility, are cost-effective and that protect the environment. The paper industry is no exception. Renewable resources derived from plant components could be an excellent substitute for the chemicals that are currently used as paper binders. Air laid pressed paper products that are typically used in wet wipes must be bound together so they can resist mechanical tearing during storage and use. The binders must be strong but cost-effective. Although chemical binders are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, the public is demanding products with lower carbon footprints and that are derived from renewable sources. In this project, carbohydrates, proteins and phenolic compounds were applied to air laid, pressed paper products in order to identify potential renewable green binders that are as strong as the current commercial binders, while being organic and renewable. Each potential green binder was applied to several filter paper strips and tested for strength in the direction perpendicular to the cellulose fibril orientation. Out of the twenty binders surveyed, soy protein, gelatin, zein protein, pectin and Salix lignin provided comparable strength results to a currently employed chemical binder. These organic and renewable binders can be purchased in large quantities at low cost, require minimal reaction time and do not form viscous solutions that would clog sprayers, characteristics that make them attractive to the non-woven paper industry. As with any new process, a large-scale trial must be conducted along with an economic analysis of the procedure. However, because multiple examples of "green" binders were found that showed strong cross-linking activity, a candidate for commercial application will likely be found.

Development of a green binder system for paper products.

Guarana is a fruit from the Amazon whose seeds are used to produce guarana powder. Guarana powder is consumed by the population mainly for its stimulant activity. It has been shown that guarana seeds contain low-molar-mass compounds; however, no data have been reported concerning the polysaccharides. In this work, the polysaccharides present in guarana powder were investigated. A pectic fraction and a xylan were isolated and characterised. Antioxidant activity tests were performed with a methanolic extract and the pectic fraction at concentrations of 0.1-10 mg/ml. The methanolic extract exhibited a strong capacity for scavenging DPPH radicals (90.9% at 10 mg/ml). At the same concentration, the polysaccharide showed a DPPH(·)-scavenging activity of 68.4%. At a higher concentration, the methanolic extract and the polysaccharide exhibited similar hydroxyl radical-scavenging effects (~70%). The results suggest that the polysaccharides present in guarana can contribute to the possible biological effects of guarana powder.

Guarana powder polysaccharides: characterisation and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of a pectic fraction.

It was shown that saprophytic (soil), endophytic and plant pathogenic strains of F. poae under cultivation conditions in the media containing carbon sources from mono- to polysaccharides had different abilities to use them and to accumulate biomass. Maltose, xylose, fructose, pectin were the most favorable carbon sources for the studied strains; less assimilated lactose, arabinose, and especially microcrystalline cellulose were less assimilated. It was found that endophytes and plant pathogens accumulated biomass equally, while soil strains had low ability for that.

[Utilization of carbon sources by Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. Strains from different trophic groups].

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most economically important fruit crops in the world. Deficit in nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur nutrition impairs essential metabolic pathways. The influence of mineral stress in the composition of the plant cell wall (CW) has received residual attention. Using grapevine callus as a model system, 6 weeks deficiency of those elements caused a significant decrease in growth. Callus CWs were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), by quantification of CW components and by immunolocalization of CW epitopes with monoclonal antibodies. PCA analysis of FT-IR data suggested changes in the main components of the CW in response to individual mineral stress. Decreased cellulose, modifications in pectin methyl esterification and increase of structural proteins were among the events disclosed by FT-IR analysis. Chemical analyses supported some of the assumptions and further disclosed an increase in lignin content under nitrogen deficiency, suggesting a compensation of cellulose by lignin. Moreover, polysaccharides of callus under mineral deficiency showed to be more tightly bonded to the CW, probably due to a more extensive cross-linking of the cellulose-hemicellulose network. Our work showed that mineral stress impacts the CW at different extents according to the withdrawn mineral element, and that the modifications in a given CW component are compensated by the synthesis and/or alternative linking between polymers. The overall results here described for the first time pinpoint the CW of Vitis callus different strategies to overcome mineral stress, depending on how essential they are to cell growth and plant development.

Mineral stress affects the cell wall composition of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) callus.

The physical and chemical properties of commercial low methoxyl citrus pectins, CP 28 and CP 55, and a pectinmethylesterase (PME) charge modified citrus pectin (MP 38) were compared, and the differences in ability to encapsulate indomethacin in hydrogel beads was determined at 0.5 or 1.0% (w/v) indomethacin ratio, and 100, 200 or 300 mM CaCl(2) solution. In order to investigate the drug release characteristics, indomethacin loaded dried hydrogel beads were immersed in simulated gastric fluids (pH 1.2) for 2h, followed by immersing in simulated intestinal fluids (pH 7.4) for 3h. Pectin type was highly significant (p<0.0001) for encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release assay. Encapsulation efficiency was also highly affected (p<0.0001) by indomethacin ratio and CaCl(2) concentration. The accumulative release rate of indomethacin from pectin hydrogel bead was less than 15% in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids. MP 38 beads showed significantly higher entrapment efficiency and lower release rate than beads formed from CP 28 or CP 55. MP 38 hydrogel formulated with 300 mM CaCl(2) and 0.5% indomethacin ratio showed the highest entrapment efficiency. These studies suggest that charge modification of pectin improves encapsulation efficiency of drugs for colon targeted drug delivery system through oral administration.

Pectin and charge modified pectin hydrogel beads as a colon-targeted drug delivery carrier.

Different types of polymers are widely used in biomedical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. Their applications are curbed, if the polymers can not break down by the body or if the polymer itself is harmful or decompose to harmful material. Authors provide an overview of different types of pharmaceutical polymers of various sources, of the structural characterization and possibilities of their chemical modification and of the classical and instrumental analytical examination methods. The paper deals with the limitations of the use of biopolymers, as well.

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