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Silver bromide 99 7785-23-1

Silver bromide

The AgBr and Ag(2)Se nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized for the first time from two single source precursors ([Ag(2)(L)(2)Br(2)] (1) and [Ag(L-HBr)(2)]BF(4) (2) respectively) designed using the same ligand 3-benzyl-1-(2-phenylselanyl-ethyl)-3H-imidazolium bromide (L). The ODE-ODA-OA (1 : 1 : 2) and TOP-OA (1 : 2) are most suitable solvents for thermolysis of 1 and 2 respectively, resulting in the NPs. The composition of the solvent used in thermolysis affects the purity of NPs. The bonding of L in 1 is unique, as it has a pre-carbene site intact.

Selenium containing imidazolium salt in designing single source precursors for silver bromide and selenide nano-particles.

Synthesis of inorganic single crystals with exposed high-reactivity facets is a desirable target in the catalytic chemistry field. Polyhedral AgBr microcrystals with an increased percentage of exposed high-reactivity {111} facets have been successfully prepared for the first time, and the photocatalytic performance of these microcrystals when used as an AgBr/Ag plasmonic photocatalyst was investigated. The results indicate that the as-prepared sample has high photocatalytic activity and, under the same measurement conditions, the photodegradation rate of methyl orange dye over these microcrystals is at least four times faster than with other shapes of AgBr/Ag microstructure, as well as 20 times faster than with the highly efficient Ag(3)PO(4) photocatalyst. DFT calculations suggest that the AgBr (111) surface is mainly composed of unsaturated Ag atoms and has a relatively high surface energy, both of which are favorable for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of the AgBr/Ag polyhedron photocatalyst. This work not only provides a highly efficient plasmonic photocatalyst of polyhedral AgBr/Ag microcrystals with an increased percentage of exposed high-reactivity AgBr {111} facets, but also demonstrates that the shape and crystalline quality of the exposed facets have an important influence on the photocatalytic activities.

Polyhedral AgBr microcrystals with an increased percentage of exposed {111} facets as a highly efficient visible-light photocatalyst.

A ternary Ag/AgBr/TiO(2) nanotube array electrode with enhanced visible-light activity was synthesized by a two-step approach including electrochemical process of anodization and an in situ photoassisted deposition strategy. The dramatically enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity of the composite electrode was evaluated via the inactivation of Escherichia coli under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm), whose performance of complete sterilization was much superior to other reference photocatalysts. PL, ESR, and radicals trapping studies revealed hydroxyl radicals were involved as the main active oxygen species in the photoelectrocatalytic reaction. The process of the damage of the cell wall and the cell membrane was directly observed by ESEM, TEM, and FTIR, as well as further confirmed by determination of potassium ion leakage from the killed bacteria. The present results pointed to oxidative attack from the exterior to the interior of the Escherichia coli by OH(•), O(2)(•-), holes and Br(0), causing the cell to die as the primary mechanism of photoelectrocatalytic inactivation.

Role of hydroxyl radicals and mechanism of Escherichia coli inactivation on Ag/AgBr/TiO2 nanotube array electrode under visible light irradiation.

Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) are often used as electron scavengers in conventional semiconductor photocatalysis to suppress electron-hole (e(-)-h(+) ) recombination and promote interfacial charge transfer, and thus enhance photocatalytic activity of semiconductors. In this contribution, it is demonstrated that noble metal NPs such as Ag NPs function as visible-light harvesting and electron-generating centers during the daylight photocatalysis of AgBr@Ag. Novel Ag plasmonic photocatalysis could cooperate with the conventional AgBr semiconductor photocatalysis to enhance the overall daylight activity of AgBr@Ag greatly because of an interesting synergistic effect. After a systematic investigation of the daylight photocatalysis mechanism of AgBr@Ag, the synergistic effect was attributed to surface plasmon resonance induced local electric field enhancement on Ag, which can accelerate the generation of e(-)-h(+) pairs in AgBr, so that more electrons are produced in the conduction band of AgBr under daylight irradiation. This study provides new insight into the photocatalytic mechanism of noble metal/semiconductor systems as well as the design and fabrication of novel plasmonic photocatalysts.

New insight into daylight photocatalysis of AgBr@Ag: synergistic effect between semiconductor photocatalysis and plasmonic photocatalysis.

A plasmonic Ag/AgBr nanohybrid has been synthesized by in situ thermal reduction of AgBr nanoparticles in polyols. This directly converted Ag/AgBr shows significant absorption over the full visible spectrum. The enhanced light absorption in the spectral region of 450 nm to 800 nm was due to the plasmonic nanosized Ag grown on the surface of AgBr nanoparticles with mixed morphologies and increased sizes. Under visible light irradiation, the plasmonic Ag/AgBr exhibits high activity and stability for the photodegradation of organic pollutants, e.g. methylene blue. The contribution of the SPR and its synergistic effect with the photosensitive AgBr in the photocatalytic activity were verified. Based on the plasmon-mediated charge injection and the band structure of the metal-semiconductor heterojunction, a mechanism of the plasmon synergistically enhanced photocatalytic process was proposed.

Plasmonic Ag/AgBr nanohybrid: synergistic effect of SPR with photographic sensitivity for enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability.

AgBr nanoplates with exposed {111} facets have been synthesized in high yield by a facile precipitation reaction, and the as-prepared nanoplates exhibited greatly enhanced photocatalytic properties for the degradation of organic pollutants, which may be primarily ascribed to the relatively higher surface energy of {111} facets.

Facile synthesis of AgBr nanoplates with exposed {111} facets and enhanced photocatalytic properties.

The determination of trace amounts of oil in water facilitates the forensic analysis on the presence and origin of oil in the aqueous environment. To this end, the present study focuses on direct sensing schemes for quantifying trace amounts of oil in water using mid-infrared (MIR) evanescent field absorption spectroscopy via fiberoptic chemical sensors. MIR transparent silver halide fibers were utilized as optical transducer for interrogating oil-in-water emulsions via the evanescent field emanating from the waveguide surface, and penetrating the surrounding aqueous environment by a couple of micrometers. Unmodified fibers and fibers surface-modified with grafted epoxidized polybutadiene layers enabled the direct detection of crude oil in a deionized water matrix at the ppm level to ppb concentration level, respectively. Thus, direct chemical sensing of crude oil IR signatures without any sample preparation as low as 46 ppb was achieved with a response time of a few seconds.

In situ trace analysis of oil in water with mid-infrared fiberoptic chemical sensors.

The photocatalytic activity of AgBr-ZnO was investigated for the degradation of Acid Violet 7 (AV 7) in aqueous solution using UV-A light. AgBr-ZnO is found to be more efficient than commercial ZnO and prepared ZnO at pH 12 for the mineralization of AV 7. The effects of operational parameters such as the amount of photocatalyst, dye concentration, initial pH on photo mineralization have been analyzed. Expect oxone, other oxidants decrease the degradation efficiency. Addition of metal ions and anions decrease the degradation efficiency of AgBr-ZnO significantly. The mineralization of AV 7 has also been confirmed by COD measurements. The mechanism of degradation by AgBr-ZnO is proposed to explain its higher activity under UV light. The catalyst is found to be reusable.

Photodegradation of Acid Violet 7 with AgBr-ZnO under highly alkaline conditions.

A complex between cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant and silver bromide (CTASB) is recognized by NMR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to be the entity at the surface of gold nanorods, resulting from an in situ formation in the classical scheme of synthesis. It can thus be introduced directly along with the initial reactants in place of silver(I) salt to produce a new effective synthesis of these objects. Complementary XPS and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements on macroscopic gold surfaces confirm a strong adsorption of CTASB that is higher than that of CTAB and any other CTAX surfactants. The role of CTASB as a rod inducing agent by surface complexation is stressed.

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide silver bromide complex as the capping agent of gold nanorods.

Photocytotoxicity of visible-light catalytic Ag/AgBr/TiO(2) nanoparticles (NPs) was examined both in vitro and in vivo. The Ag/AgBr/TiO(2) NPs were prepared by the deposition-precipitation method. Their crystalline structures, atomic compositions, and light absorption property were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) intensities, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopic tools. The Ag/AgBr/TiO(2) NPs appeared to be well internalized in human carcinoma cells as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB) appeared to be significantly reduced by adsorption of serum proteins in the cellular medium on the NP surfaces. Two types of human cervical HeLa and skin A431 cancer cells were tested to check their viability after the cellular uptake of the Ag/AgBr/TiO(2) NPs and subsequent exposure to an illumination of visible light from a 60 W/cm(2) halogen lamp. Fluorescence images taken to label mitochondria activity suggest that the reactive oxygen species should trigger the photo-destruction of cancer cells. After applying the halogen light illumination for 50-250 min and ∼8 ppm (μg/mL) of photocatalytic Ag/AgBr/TiO(2) NPs, we observed a 40-60% selective decrease of cell viability. Ag/AgBr/TiO(2) NPs were found to eliminate xenograft tumors significantly by irradiating visible light in vivo for 10 min.

Cytotoxicity of serum protein-adsorbed visible-light photocatalytic Ag/AgBr/TiO2 nanoparticles.

A simple microemulsion-like chemical precipitation method has been successfully developed to construct effectively-contacted AgBr-TiO(2) composite. The key of this method is the dual roles of Br(-) in the synthetic process, as linkers between cetyltrimethyl ammonium cation surfactants and nanocrystalline anatase TiO(2) in the acidic condition, and as bromine sources to directly produce nanocrystalline AgBr on the surfaces of TiO(2) by chemical precipitation. It is well demonstrated that the as-constructed AgBr-TiO(2) nanoheterostructured composites display effective photogenerated charge transfer between AgBr and TiO(2), favorable to improve charge separation, by means of the surface photovoltage technique in different atmospheres at the aid of outer electric fields, especially for the transient surface photovoltage technique in air. And also, the Br(-) in crystal lattice of AgBr could effectively capture photogenerated holes under illumination. These factors are well responsible for the enhanced activity for photocatalytic degradation of liquid phase aqueous phenol solution and gas phase acetaldehyde under either UV-visible or visible irradiation, and the stability of AgBr in the photocatalytic processes.

Facile fabrication of efficient AgBr-TiO2 nanoheterostructured photocatalyst for degrading pollutants and its photogenerated charge transfer mechanism.

The theory of the photolysis of silver bromide and the photographic latent image.		

Lattice defects in silver bromide.		

AgBr/palygorskite composite was prepared by an in situ electrostatic adsorption-deposition-precipitation method and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis diffuse reflection, and BET surface measurements techniques. The layer negative charge and larger specific surface area of palygorskite, along with the poor cation-exchange ability of tetra-n-butyl ammonium cation (N(CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)CH(3))(4)(+)) due to its larger ion radius, could mainly account for high dispersity of AgBr on the surface of fibrous palygorskite. The rate of Rh B decolorization and CO(2) reduction with H(2) as a proton donor and reductant over AgBr/palygorskite was about three and two times faster than that of the corresponding bare AgBr, respectively. The strategy reported in this work can be easily extended to synthesize other palygorskite-based heterostructure catalysts.

Visible light induced CO2 reduction and Rh B decolorization over electrostatic-assembled AgBr/palygorskite.

Silver bromide as a photocatalyst for hydrogen generation from CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH/H<SUB>2</SUB>O solution.	

The growth of silver bromide nanoparticles on polyester fiber was achieved by sequential dipping steps in alternating bath of potassium bromide and silver nitrate under ultrasound irradiation. The effects of ultrasound irradiation, concentration and sequential dipping steps in growth of the AgBr nanoparticles have been studied. Particle sizes and morphology of nanoparticle are depending on power of ultrasound irradiation, sequential dipping steps and concentration. These systems depicted a decrease in the particles size accompanying an increase in the sonication power. Results suggest that an increasing of sequential dipping steps and concentration led to an increasing of particle size. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Ultrasound-assisted coating of polyester fiber with silver bromide nanoparticles.

Colloidal dispersions of silver bromide (AgBr) in aqueous surfactant medium have been prepared using a surfactant-assisted synthesis approach with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The surfactant acts both as source of bromide ion as well as the stabilizing agent. Upon progressive addition of silver nitrate to aqueous CTAB solution, stable AgBr dispersions were obtained. Formation of surfactant cation (CTA(+)) stabilized AgBr was confirmed by way of XRD, FTIR and NMR studies. Thermal behavior of the isolated nanoparticles was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), where the occurrence of phase transition in the surfactant-stabilized nanoparticles was observed. Kinetics of the particle growth was investigated by dynamic light scattering measurements, which predicted the formation of surfactant bilayered structures associated with the nanoparticles of AgBr. Band gap of the nanoparticles was determined by suitably analyzing the UV-visible spectral data, which concluded that the particles behaved like insulators. Morphology of the particles, studied by TEM measurements, was found to be spherical. Finally, enthalpy of formation of surfactant-stabilized AgBr, determined calorimetrically, was found to be dependent on the concentration of the precursors.

Surfactant-assisted synthesis and characterization of stable silver bromide nanoparticles in aqueous media.

Novel AgBr/Ag(3)PO(4) hybrids were synthesized via an in situ anion-exchange method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Under visible light (λ>420 nm), AgBr/Ag(3)PO(4) degraded methyl orange (MO) efficiently and displayed much higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure AgBr or Ag(3)PO(4). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests that AgBr/Ag(3)PO(4) transformed to be Ag@AgBr/Ag(3)PO(4)@Ag system while remained good photocatalytic activity after 5 times of cycle experiments. In addition, the quenching effects of different scavengers proved that reactive OH and h(+) played the major role for the MO degradation. The photocatalytic activity enhancement of AgBr/Ag(3)PO(4) is closely related to the efficient separation of electron-hole pairs derived from the matching band potentials between AgBr and Ag(3)PO(4), as well as the good electron trapping role of Ag nanoparticles in situ formed on the surfaces of AgBr and Ag(3)PO(4) particles during the photocatalytic reaction.

Visible light photocatalytic activity enhancement and mechanism of AgBr/Ag3PO4 hybrids for degradation of methyl orange.

Studies on Aging of Precipitates and Coprecipitation XXXIX. Low Temperature Conductivity of Silver Bromide.

Zero bandgap and water soluble sulfonated graphene (SGE) has been introduced into an n-type semiconductor photocatalytic system to fabricate a Ag@AgBr/SGE composite photocatalyst. Due to its unique conduction and valence band dispersion and low Fermi level, SGE serves as an electron reservoir within the photocatalyst which enhances the charge carrier transfer and separation significantly. Furthermore, the stability and adsorptivity of Ag@AgBr/SGE are also improved owing to the sulfonic acid groups and conjugated sp(2) carbon network of SGE. The photocatalytic activity was found to be 11-fold higher than SGE-free Ag@AgBr upon the photodegradation of MO under visible light irradiation. This work provides a novel and in-depth perspective for understanding the graphene-involved photocatalytic mechanism and would stimulate the development of graphene-involved photocatalysts for the exploitation and utilization of solar energy.

Silver bromide

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