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Order](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/quick-order) Cart0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en)[Small Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/small-molecule-hplc) Discovery® HPLC Columns for Fast LC-MS Analysis # Discovery® HPLC Columns for Fast LC-MS Analysis ## LC-MS Columns The Discovery LC-MS line offers short length columns for fast LC-MS analysis that are rugged and dependable. Supelco offers a robust product that withstands column shock due to fast gradient turnaround times. Columns installed on LC-MS instruments are typically operated using gradients of 5%-95% organic with gradient cycle times of 2-3 minutes. Our column lifetime is maximized through the use of stable bonding chemistry, high purity silica and optimal proprietary packing procedures. The Discovery line of HPLC columns offers excellent retentivity, selectivity and reproducibility for optimal results. LC-MS formats are now available with Discovery C18, C8, Cyano and HS F5 phases. Discovery LC-MS Columns Deliver: - [High speed separations](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#hispeed) - [Excellent peak shape](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#peakshp) - [Demonstrated ruggedness, stability and reproducibility](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#Demonstrated) - [Excellent LC-MS bleed characteristics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#bleedanal) | | | | | | |--------------------|---|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Properties | | C18 | | C8 | | __Bonded Phase:__ | | Octadecylsilane, endcapped | | Octylsilane, endcapped | | __Silica:__ | | Spherical, high purity, <10 ppm metals | | Spherical, high purity, <10 ppm metals | | __Particle Size:__ | | 5 µM | | 5 µM | | __Pore Size:__ | | 180 Å | | 180 Å | | __Surface Area:__ | | 200 m2/g | | 200 m2/g | | __%C:__ | | 12% | | 7.5% | | __Coverage:__ | | 3 µmol/m2 | | 3.4 µmol/m2 | | | | ![C18 structure](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/c18-structure-one.gif) | | ![C8 structure](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/c8-structure-one.gif) | | | | | | | | Properties | | CYANO | | HS F5 | | __Bonded Phase:__ | | Cyanopropylsilane, endcapped | | Pentafluorophenylpropyl, endcapped | | __Silica:__ | | Spherical, high purity, <10 ppm metals | | Spherical, high purity, <10 ppm metals | | __Particle Size:__ | | 5 µM | | 3.5 µM | | __Pore Size:__ | | 180Å | | 120Å | | __Surface Area:__ | | 200 m2/g | | 300 m2/g | | __%C:__ | | 4.5% | | 12% | | __Coverage:__ | | 3.5 µmol/m2 | | 4 µmol/m2 | | | | ![Cyano structure](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/cyano-structure-one.gif) | | ![HS F5 structure](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/hs-f5-structure-one.gif) | [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ### High Speed Separations Discovery LC-MS columns can shorten analysis times to less than 4 minutes for the study of antibiotics. __Figure 1__. Rifampicin on Discovery C18 | | | |-------------------|------------------------------------------------------| | __Column 1:__ | __Discovery C18, 15 cm x 2.1 mm ID, 5 µM particles__ | | __Cat. No.:__ | __50495521__ | | __Column 2:__ | __Discovery C18, 2 cm x 2.1 mm ID, 5 µM particles__ | | __Cat. No.:__ | __577507-U__ | | __Mobile Phase:__ | 60:40, 33 mM HCO2H:CH3CN | | __Flow Rate:__ | 0.2 mL/min | | __Temp.:__ | 35 ºC | | __Det.:__ | ESI(+), full scan | | __Inj.1:__ | 6 µL | | __Inj.2:__ | 0.8 µL | | __Sample:__ | 10 mg/L in 50% CH3OH | ![Discovery C18](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/rifampicin-on-discovery-one/rifampicin-on-discovery-one.jpg "Rifampicin Discovery") ![Equation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/rifampicin-on-discovery-two/rifampicin-on-discovery-two.jpg "Rifampicin") ![Discovery C18](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/rifampicin-on-discovery-three/rifampicin-on-discovery-three.jpg "Discovery C18") __Figure 2. Application of Short, Fast LC-MS Columns for Analysis of Veterinary Antibiotics on Discovery C18 and C8 Columns__ __Column 1:__ __Discovery C18, 2 cm x 2.1 mm ID,__ __5 µM particles__ __Cat. No.:__ __577507-U__ __Column 2:__ __Discovery C8, 2 cm x 2.1 mm ID,__ __5 µM particles__ __Cat. No.:__ __577501-U__ __Mobile Phase:__ A=50mM HOAc/NH4OH, (pH 6.0), B=water, C=CH3OH __Flow Rate:__ 0.2 mL/min __Temp.:__ 65 ºC __Inj.:__ 1 µL __Det.:__ ESI(-) __Sample:__ __1.__ Lasalocid A (1 µg/mL) __2.3.__ Salinomycin (10 µg/mL) __4.__ Narasin (5 µg/mL) | | | |------------------------------------|------------------------------------| | __Discovery C18, A:B:C = 20:5:75__ | __Discovery C8, A:B:C = 20:10:70__ | ![Discovery C18](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/application-short-one/application-short-one.jpg "Discovery C18") ![Discovery C8](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/application-short-two/application-short-two.jpg "Discovery C8") | | | |-------------------|-------------------------------------------------------| | __Column 1:__ | __Discovery C18, 2 cm x 2.1 mm ID, 5 µM particles__ | | __Cat. No.:__ | __577507-U__ | | __Column 2:__ | __Discovery C8, 2 cm x 2.1 mm ID, 5 µM particles__ | | __Cat. No.:__ | __577501-U__ | | __Column 3:__ | __Discovery Cyano, 3 cm x 2.1 mm ID, 5 µM particles__ | | __Cat. No.:__ | __577514-U__ | | __Mobile Phase:__ | A=50 mM HCO2H, B=water, C=90:10 CH3OH:CH3CN | | __Flow Rate:__ | 0.2 mL/min | | __Temp.:__ | 35 ºC | | __Inj.:__ | 1 µL | | __Det.:__ | ESI(+) | | __Sample:__ | | | __1.__ | Erythromycin c (1 µg/mL) | | __2.__ | Clarithromycin (1 µg/mL) | __Discovery C18__ __A:B:C = 20:35:45__ ![Discovery C18](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/discovery-c18/discovery-c18.jpg "Discovery C18") __Discovery C8__ __A:B:C = 20:35:45__ ![Discovery C8](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/discovery-c8/discovery-c8.jpg "Discovery C8") __Discovery Cyano__ __A:B:C = 20:40:40__ ![Discovery CYANO](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/discovery-cyno/discovery-cyno.jpg "Discovery Cyano A:B:C = 20:40:40") [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) ### Mechanical Stability via Fast Gradient Testing The Supelco Discovery LC-MS HPLC columns are rigorously tested in order to provide the highest mechanical stability under repeated gradient cycles. __Table 1__ shows of the impact on column efficiency, peak shape, retention times and back pressure after 1000 cycles of a 2-minute rapid (ballistic) gradient with 1-minute equilibration period. There is no loss of column efficiency or increase in tailing or column backpressure, and no change in retention time. See __Table 2__ for details of testing. PhaseEfficiency (N/column)USP Tailing FactorRetention Time (min.)Pressure (bar) Discovery C18 (3 cm x 3.0 mm ID) Before stability test27921.041.98939 After stability test28991.091.98541 Discovery C8 (2 cm x 2.1 mm ID) Before stability test14511.051.76726 After stability test15071.091.76125 Discovery Cyano (3 cm x 4.6 mm ID) Before stability test33291.011.36844 After stability test34481.011.36240 Table 1.Rapid Gradient Turnaround Testing of Discovery LC-MS HPLC Columns Discovery C18 (3 cm x 3.0 mm ID) __Flow:__ 0.8 mL/min __Gradient:__ 10-90% methanol over 2 minutes back to 10% for 1 minute equilibrium for each 3 minute cycle __Temp.:__ 30 °C __Wavelength:__ 254 nm __Pressure:__ 76 bar for first cycle 75 bar after last cycle __No. of Cycles:__ 1,135 three-minute __Total Volume:__ 2724 mL __Void Volume:__ 0.447 Discovery C8 (2 cm x 2.1 mm ID) __Flow:__ 0.5 mL/min __Gradient:__ 10-90% methanol over 2 minutes back to 10% for 1 minute equilibrium for each 3 minute cycle __Temp.:__ 30 °C __Wavelength:__ 254 nm __Pressure:__ 40 bar after first cycle 38 bar after last cycle __No. of Cycles:__ 1,089 three-minute __Total Volume:__ 1634 mL __Void Volume:__ 0.393 Discovery Cyano (3 cm x 4.6 mm ID) __Flow:__ 0.2 mL/min __Gradient:__ 10-50% acetnonitrile over 2 minutes back to 10% for 1 minute equilibrium for each 3 minute cycle __Temp.:__ 30 °C __Wavelength:__ 254 nm __Pressure:__ 72 bar after first cycle 70 bar after last cycle __No. of Cycles:__ 937 three-minute __Total Volume:__ 5622 mL __Void Volume:__ 0.434 Table 2.Test Conditions ### Discovery C18 Bleed Analysis Mass spectral responses from background ions often inhibit both qualitative and quantitative analysis in LC-MS experiments. Common sources of background ions include the solvents, interface or system contamination, and HPLC column bleed. The presence of background ions can be reduced by using high quality solvents such as LC-MS, maintaining a clean LC-MS system, and by using high quality HPLC stationary phases from Supelco. Supelco utilizes technologically advanced bonding chemistry and highly purified silica to minimize the potential for column bleed. ### LC-MS Bleed Analysis The Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) shown in the top of __Figure 4__ shows the result from an MS detector of one gradient cycle with a Discovery C18, 2 cm x 2.0 mm ID column in-line. The two selective ion chromatograms (SIC) in the bottom of __Figure 4__ show the mass spectrum taken from the shaded region of the TIC (at the high organic content point in the gradient). The bottom right SIC shows that the Discovery C18 column does not introduce any additional masses that were not in the blank run (bottom left SIC). The Discovery C18 column exhibits low bleed for LC-MS analyses. ### Total Ion Chromatogram Discovery C18, 2 cm x 2.0 mm ID, acetonitrile gradient in presence of 0.1% formic acid / 5 cycles / ESI (+) mode acquisition ![LC-MS Bleed Study](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/lc-ms-bleed-study.gif "LC-MS Bleed Study") __Figure 4.__LC-MS Bleed Study. ![Blank Run](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/blank-run-no-lc/blank-run-no-lc.jpg "Blank Run (no LC column)") __Blank Run (no LC column) (19-21 min.)__ ![Discovery C18 Column](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/images/technical-documents/articles/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/discovery-c18-column/discovery-c18-column.jpg "Discovery C18") __Discovery C18 column (19-21 min.)__ * * * ## Ordering Information ## 5 µM Discovery C8 Columns Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ## 5 µM Discovery C18 Columns Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ## 5 µM Discovery Cyano Columns Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ## 3 µM Discovery HS F5 Columns Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 * * * __Related Information__ [Discovery C18 and C8 HPLC Columns](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/discovery-c18-c8-hplc-columns) Discovery C18 and C8 HPLC Columns products offered [Discovery Cyano HPLC Columns](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/large-molecule-hplc/discovery-cyano-hplc-columns) Discovery Cyano HPLC Columns products offered by Sigma-Aldrich. Unique retention and selectivity enables better, faster separations. [HPLC Discovery HS F5](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/hs-f5) HPLC Discovery HS F5 and silica-based phases products offered by us. * * * ## Related Literature - [Application Report 46 - Drugs of Abuse on Discovery HS F5 (T003046)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/documents/960/771/11843.pdf) - [Application Report 134 - Separation of Dopamine and Related Compounds using Discovery HS F5 with Mass Spectrometric Detection (T004134)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/documents/158/822/11952.pdf) - [Application Report 136 - Resolution of Bilirubin and Biliverdin on Discovery C18 (T004136) \[Note: With MS compatible mobile phase.\]](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/documents/126/961/11954.pdf) - [2004 Poster Presentation - Advantages of Polar, Reversed-Phase HPLC Columns for the Analysis of Drug Metabolites (T404045)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/marketing/global/documents/146/806/11908.pdf) * * * ## How to Contact Supelco In USA: Phone: 800-247-6628 or 814-359-3441 fax: 800-325-5052 email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) Outside the USA: [click here](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/collections/offices) __Related Articles__ - [HPLC Analysis of Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) on SeQuant ZIC-HILIC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/hplc-analysis-of-adenosine-monophosphate-amp-and-adenosine-triphosphate-atp-g1007223) - [HPLC Separation of Ginsenosides from American Ginseng](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/separation-ginsenosides) - [Determination of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Air Using DNPH Cartridges and Automated On-Line Desorption Followed by HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/air-testing/aldehydes-air-dnph) - [Cannabinoid Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) for an Improved Testing Accuracy and Traceability](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation/cannabinoid-certified-reference-materials-improved-testing-accuracy-traceability) - [Solution with 17 Amino Acids as TraceCERT® Certified Reference Material](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation/certified-amino-acid-mix-solution) - [Extractables Studies of Single-Use Equipment Immediate Identification and Quantification of Unknown Extractables by GC/MS with a Certified Reference Material Mix for Extractables and Leachables](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation/extractables-studies-of-single-use-equipment) - [Isotopically Labeled Steroid Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation/labeled-steroids) - [Reference Standards for Analyzing Polyphenol Catechins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation/reference-standards) - [View More](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) __Related Product Categories__ - [HPLC Columns](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/hplc-columns) - [HPLC Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/hplc-buffers) - [Amino Acid, Peptide & Protein Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/amino-acid-peptide-and-protein-standards) Top __Sign In To Continue__ To continue reading please sign in or create an account. 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[Granulated Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/granulated-materials) - [Injectables & Parenteral Formulations](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/injectables-parenteral-formulations) - [Liquid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/liquid-formulation) - [Protein Stabilizers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/protein-stabilizers) - [Semisolid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/semisolid-formulation) - [Solid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/solid-formulation) - [Synthetic Lipids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/synthetic-lipids) - [Viscosity Reduction Platform](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/viscosity-reduction-platform) - [Sterile & Aseptic Sampling Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling) - [Sterile Process Sampling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling/manual-sterile-sampling) - [Sampling with MAST<sup>®</sup> Autosampling Solution](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling/automated-aseptic-sampling) - [Sterile Filtration & Bioburden Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control) - [Buffer Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/buffer-filtration) - [Filter Housings](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/filter-housings) - [Final Sterile Filtration & Filling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/final-sterile-filtration-and-filling) - [Gas & Vent Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/gas-and-vent-filters) - [Integrity Testers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/integrity-testers) - [Media Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/media-filtration) - [Prefilters & Bioburden Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/prefilters-and-bioburden-control) - [Sterile Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/sterile-filters) - [Ultrafiltration & Diafiltration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration) - [Tangential Flow Filtration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration/filtration-devices) - 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[Enhanced Validation Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/enhanced-validation-ab) - [Flow Cytometry Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/flow-cytometry-antibodies) - [Prestige Antibodies<sup>®</sup>](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/prestige-antibodies) - [Primary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/primary-antibodies) - [Secondary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/secondary-antibodies) - [Small Pack Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/small-pack-antibodies) - [ZooMAb<sup>®</sup> Recombinant Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/zoomab-antibodies) - [Bioactive Small Molecules](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules) - [Structural Genomics Consortium](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules/structural-genomics-consortium) - [Duolink<sup>®</sup> PLA - Protein Interaction Technology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/duolink-proximity-ligation-assay) - [Immunoassay Platform Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions) - [ELISA Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/elisa-kits) - [MILLIPLEX<sup>®</sup> Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/milliplex-multiplex-assays-for-luminex-technology) - [SMC<sup>™</sup> Technology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/single-molecule-counting-technology) - [Protein Electrophoresis & Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting) - [Electrophoresis & Transfer Equipment](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/electrophoresis-and-transfer-equipment) - [Transfer Membranes & Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-membranes-and-kits) - [Immunodetection Reagents & Substrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/immunodetection-reagents-and-substrates) - [Membrane Immunodetection Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/membrane-immunodetection-devices) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gels & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gels-and-buffers) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gel Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gel-stains) - [Protein Markers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-markers) - [Transfer Buffers & Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-buffers-and-reagents) - [Proteins & Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes) - [Albumins & Transport Proteins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/albumins-and-transport-proteins) - [Coenzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/coenzymes) - [Detection Substrates & Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/detection-substrates-and-enzymes) - [Drug Analysis Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/drug-analysis-enzymes) - [Glycobiology Profiling Tools](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/glycosidases) - [Nucleases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/nucleases) - [Proteases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/proteases) - [Tissue Dissociation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/tissue-dissociation) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Protein Purification Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-purification-chromatography) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG<sup>®</sup> Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Recombinant/Fusion Tag Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/recombinant-fusion-tag-protein-purification) - [Protein Sample Prep](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep) - [Amicon<sup>®</sup> Centrifugals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/amicon-centrifugals) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG<sup>®</sup> Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Inhibitor Cocktails](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/inhibitor-cocktails) - [Laboratory Concentration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-concentration-devices) - [Laboratory Dialysis & Diafiltration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-dialysis-and-diafiltration-devices) - [Recombinant/Fusion Tag Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/recombinant-fusion-tag-protein-purification) - [Subcellular Fractionation Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/subcellular-fractionation-reagents) - [Whole Cell Lysis Reagents & Enhancers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/whole-cell-lysis-reagents-and-enhancers) - [Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification) - [Milli-Q<sup>®</sup> Benchtop Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-benchtop-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q<sup>®</sup> High-Flow Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-high-flow-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q<sup>®</sup> Clinical Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-clinical-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q<sup>®</sup> Consumables](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-consumables) - [Milli-Q<sup>®</sup> Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-accessories) - Applications - [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry) - [Atomic Spectroscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy) - [Calibration, Qualification, Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation) - [Gas Chromatography (GC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/gas-chromatography) - [Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography) - [Large Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/large-molecule-hplc) - [Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/low-pressure-liquid-chromatography) - [Small Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/small-molecule-hplc) - [Mass Spectrometry (MS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/mass-spectrometry) - [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/nuclear-magnetic-resonance) - [Photometry & Reflectometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-reflectometry) - [Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation) - [Sample Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/filtration) - [Sample Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/purification) - [QuEChERS Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/quechers) - [Solid Phase Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-extraction) - [Solid Phase Microextraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-microextraction) - [Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/thin-layer-chromatography) - [Titration & Karl Fischer](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/titration-and-karl-fischer) - [Water for Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/water-purification/water-analytical-chemistry) - [Wet Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/wet-chemical-analysis) - [Cell Culture & Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis) - [Cell Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis) - [Cell-based Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-based-assays) - [Cell Counting & Health analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-counting-and-health-analysis) - [Imaging Analysis & Live Cell Imaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/imaging-analysis-and-live-cell-imaging) - [Cell Culture by Cell Type](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type) - [Mammalian Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/mammalian-cell-culture) - [Microbial Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/microbial-cell-culture) - [Plant Tissue Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/plant-tissue-culture) - [Primary Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/primary-cell-culture) - [Stem Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/stem-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture by Technique](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/3d-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-culture-media-preparation) - [Cell Growth & Maintenance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-growth-and-maintenance) - [Transfection & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/transfection-and-gene-editing) - [Cell Culture for Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-for-manufacturing) - [Cell Culture Troubleshooting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-troubleshooting) - [Chemistry & Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/adc-and-bioconjugation) - [Lead Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/lead-discovery) - [Peptide Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/peptide-synthesis) - [Protein Degradation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/protein-degradation) - [Reaction Design & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/reaction-design-and-optimization) - 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[Bacteriology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/bacteriology) - [Blood Typing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/blood-typing) - [Clinical & Forensics Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/clinical-and-forensic-testing) - [Cytology & Cytodiagnosis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/cytology-and-microscopy) - [Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/diagnostic-immunohistochemistry) - [Hematology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/hematology) - [Histology/Histopathology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/histology) - [IVD Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/ivd-manufacturing) - [Water for Clinical Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/water-purification/water-clinical-diagnostics) - [Environmental & Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene) - [Air Sampling & Monitoring](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/air-testing) - [Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing) - [Cannabinoids & Potency](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/cannabinoid-profiling-potency-testing) - [Pesticides & Mycotoxins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/pesticides-mycotoxins-in-cannabis) - [Terpenes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/terpenes-cannabis) - 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[Sterile Filtration Strategies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-strategies) - [Gene Therapy Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Upstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-upstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Downstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-downstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-formulation-and-final-fill) - [Viral Vector Characterization & Biosafety Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-characterization-and-biosafety-testing) - [Viral Vector Contract Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-contract-development-and-manufacturing) - [Pharma Analysis & QC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control) - [Biologics & Biosimilars Characterization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control/biologics-biosimilars-characterization) - [Compendial Testing & Regulatory Guidance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control/compendial-testing-regulatory-guidance) - [Small Molecules Analysis & Quality Control (QC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control/small-molecules-analysis-quality-control) - [Sterile & Aseptic Sampling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/sampling) - [Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing) - [Cell-Based Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/cell-based-vaccine-manufacturing) - [mRNA Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/mrna-vaccines-process-manufacturing) - [pDNA Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/plasmid-dna-vaccines-manufacturing) - [Protein Subunit Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/protein-subunit-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Viral-like Particles Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-like-particles-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-vector-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology) - [ELISA](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/elisa) - [Enzyme Activity Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/enzyme-activity-assays) - [Flow Cytometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/flow-cytometry) - [Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/gel-electrophoresis) - [Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/immunohistochemistry) - [Interrogation of Protein Pathways](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/interrogation-protein-pathways) - [Lysis & Protein Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/lysis-and-protein-extraction) - [Protein & Nucleic Acid Interactions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-and-nucleic-acid-interactions) - [Protein Concentration & Buffer Exchange](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-concentration-and-buffer-exchange) - [Protein Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-expression) - [Protein Labeling & Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-labeling-and-modification) - [Protein Pulldown](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-pulldown) - [Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-purification) - [Protein Quantitation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-quantitation) - [Protein Structural Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-structural-analysis) - [Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/western-blotting) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Research & Disease Areas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas) - [Cancer Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cancer-research) - [Cell & Developmental Biology Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-and-developmental-biology-research) - [Cell Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-signaling) - [Glycobiology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/glycobiology) - 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Services - [Contract Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/adc-bioconjugation) - [Diagnostic OEM & CMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/diagnostic-oem-cmo) - [mRNA & LNP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services) - [Lipids CDMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipids-cdmo-services) - [Lipid Nanoparticle CDMO Service](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipid-nanoparticle-cdmo-services) - [Small Molecule](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/small-molecule) - [Activated Polyethylene Glycol (PEGs)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/peg) - 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