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Order](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/quick-order) Cart0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en)[Cell Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-signaling)Tissue Dissociation Guide: Collagenase, Dispase, and Liberase Enzyme Types # Tissue Dissociation Guide: Collagenase, Dispase, and Liberase Enzyme Types ## General Information about our Tissue Dissociation Enzymes - [Description of our Collagenase Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#Description) - [Collagenase Enzyme Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#Product) - [Collagenase and Liberase® Enzymes from Roche](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#Enzymes) - [Collagenase Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#Assays) - [Collagenase Tissue Digestion/Dissocation Troubleshooting and References](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#Troubleshooting) [Collagenases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/tissue-dissociation/collagenase) are, enzymes that break down the native collagen that holds animal tissues together and, are made by a variety of microorganisms and by many different animal cells1. The most potent collagenase is the "crude" collagenase secreted by the anaerobic bacteria *Clostridium histolyticum*. We originally adopted the 1953 fermentation and purification process described by MacLennan, Mandl and Howes2, but eventually improved upon for higher activity products. “Crude” collagenase refers to the fact that the material is a mixture of several different enzymes besides collagenase that act together to break down tissue. It is now known that two forms of the collagenase enzyme are present3,4. With a few exceptions different commercial collagenase are all made from *C. histolyticum*, or are recombinant versions where *Escherichia coli* expresses a gene cloned from *C. histolyticum*. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Description of our Collagenase Enzymes The different Collagenase products in the tables below were developed by because they each digest some types of tissue (muscle, pancreas, heart, adipose) better than others. In addition to meeting enzyme activity specifications, every lot of our collagenase products must pass digestion tests with various tissues from rats. Products that are also described as “cell culture tested” have undergone additional testing with mammalian cell lines to verify that they are not cytotoxic. Sterile-filtered (0.2 mm) versions prepared from some of the more popular collagenase products are also listed below. Our purified collagenase products have only trace amounts of caseinase (proteolytic) or clostripain activities. The purified Type VII Collagenase is also offered in Cell Culture Tested and sterile-filtered versions. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Collagenase Enzyme Products – Crude Collagenase, Chromatographically Purified, Collagenase with Proteolytic Activity Inhibitor, and blends ### Crude Collagenase for General Use | | | | | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|------------|----------| | Product | Comments | FALGPAa | CDUsb | | [C0130](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C0130) | For general use | 0.25 – 1.0 | > 125 | | [C1639](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C1639), Type I-S | Sterile-filtered version of C0130 | 0.25 – 1.0 | > 125 | | [C9891](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C9891), Type IA | Second version of Type I for general use | 0.5 – 2.0 | > 125 | | [C2674](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C2674), Type IA | Cell culture tested version of C9891 | 0.5 – 2.0 | > 125 | | [C5894](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C5894), Type IA-S | Sterile-filtered version of C9891 | 0.5 – 2.0 | > 125 | | [C9722](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C9722), Type IA-S | Cell culture tested and sterile-filtered version of C9891 | 0.5 – 2.0 | > 125 | a, b FALGPA and Collagenase Digestive Units (CDUs) both given as Units per mg/solid ### Crude Collagenase, Use-Tested ProductCommentsFALGPA aCDUs b [C6885](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C6885), Type IITested as suitable for digestion and release of fat (adipose) cells with undamaged cell-surface receptors for insulin5,60.5 – 2.0> 125 [C1764](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C1764), Type II-SSterile-filtered version of C68850.5 – 2.0> 125 [C5138](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C5138), Type IVTested as suitable for digestion and release of viable rat liver cells (hepatocytes)70.5 – 2.0> 125 [C1889](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C1889), Type IV-SSterile-filtered version of C51380.5 – 2.0> 125 [C2139](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C2139), Type VIIIPassed both the adipose tissue test (see C6885)5, 6 and the hepatic tissue test (see C5138)70.5 – 2.0> 125 [C9263](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C9263), Type VTested as suitable for digestion and release of islet of Langerhans (insulin-producing cells) from rat pancreas8,91.0 – 3.0> 125 [C2014](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C2014), Type V-SSterile-filtered version of C92631.0 – 3.0> 125 [C7657](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C7657), Type XIHas highest collagenase activity - tested as suitable for digestion and release of islet of Langerhans (insulin-producing cells) from rat pancreas8,92.0 – 5.0> 1,200 [C9407](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C9407), Type XICell culture tested version of C76572.0 – 5.0> 1,200 [C4785](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C4785), Type XI-SSterile-filtered version of C76572.0 – 5.0> 1,200 [C9697](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C9697), Type XI-SCell culture tested and sterile-filtered version of C76572.0 – 5.0> 1,200 a, b FALGPA and Collagenase Digestive Units (CDUs) both given as Units per mg/solid ### Chromatographically Purified Collagenase | | | | | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|---------------| | Product | Comments | FALGPAa | CDUsb | | [C0255](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/c0255), Type III | Purified collagenase that has trace amounts of protease activity | 4 – 12 | ≥ 250 | | [C0773](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/c0773), Type VII | Purified collagenase substantially free of protease and Clostripain | 4 – 12 | 1,000 - 3,000 | | [C2799](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/c2799), Type VII | Cell culture tested version of C0773 | 4 – 12 | 1,000 - 3,000 | | [C2399](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/c2399), Type VII-S | Sterile-filtered version of C0773 | 4 – 12 | 1,000 - 3,000 | | [C9572](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/c9572), Type VII-S | Cell culture tested and sterile-filtered version of C0773 | 4 – 12 | 1,000 - 3,000 | a, b FALGPA and Collagenase Digestive Units (CDUs) both given as Units per mg/solid ### Crude Collagenase with Proteolytic Activity Inhibitor ProductCommentsFALGPA aCDUs b [C6079](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C6079), Type SBlend of Type XI Collagenase with tryptic protease inhibitor. Tested as suitable for digestion and release of islet of Langerhans (insulin-producing cells) from rat pancreas8, 92 – 5Minimum of 1,000 a, b FALGPA and Collagenase Digestive Units (CDUs) both given as Units per mg/solid ### Collagenase Blends™ These products were developed to allow more lot-to-lot reproducibility in collagenase digestions. The proportion of purified collagenase (Blend F) to purified clostridial neutral protease is varied in Blends H and L to provide researchers with a range of digestion options. ProductCommentsFALGPAaProteasec [C7926](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C7926), Blend FPredominantly true collagenases. Because FALGPA activity is high compared to CDU it is assumed that the Type II form of collagenase is mostly presentMin. 2.0< 10 [C8051](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C8051), Blend HSome neutral protease activity included with the collagenase activityMin. 1.0Min. 10 [C8176](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C8176), Blend LMore neutral protease activity is included with true collagenase< 1.0Min. 40 a, c FALGPA and Collagenase Digestive Units (CDUs) both given as Units per mg/solid ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Collagenase and Liberase® Enzymes from Roche Collagenase enzymes from Roche are intuitively designed and trusted to deliver consistent performance and reproducible results for your routine and critical applications. Collagenase is suitable for preparation of cells from many types of tissue, such as hepatocytes, adipocytes, pancreatic islets, epithelial cells, muscle cells, and endothelial cells. However, suitability of each lot of the enzyme for disruption of a tissue should be determined empirically. Additionally, our Liberase® enzyme technology combines highly purified collagenase I and II enzymes with Dispase® or Thermolysin to facilitate the dissociation of a broad range of tissue types. ### Liberase Research Grade Application Guide | | | | | | | |-------------------|----|----|----|----|----| | Tissue Type | TL | TM | TH | DL | DH | | Liver | | \+ | | | \+ | | Kidney | | \+ | | ++ | | | Skin | | | | \+ | ++ | | Heart | | \+ | \+ | | \+ | | Pancreas (Islets) | ++ | | | \+ | | | Lymph Node* | ++ | \+ | | | | | Spleen* | ++ | | | | | | Lung* | ++ | ++ | | | | | Ovarian Tissue* | | ++ | | | | | Adipose Tissue* | | ++ | | | | | Cornea* | | ++ | | | | \*Data based on publications ## Materials Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 #### Dispase Enzymes Along with enzymes available from Roche, we are committed to providing tissue dissociation reagents that are highly purified and dependable for your specific application needs. A gentle enzyme that does not damage cell membranes, dispase is suitable for the separation of diverse tissues and cells that are grown *in vitro* and to prevent cell clumping for suspension cultures. Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Collagenase Assays The Type I and Type II forms of the purified collagenase enzymes differ in their specificities and relative activities on native collagen and synthetic substrates. These two collagenases can be mostly distinguished by their preference for one of the two different substrates used in our assays. The Collagenase Digestive Unit (CDU) assay10,11 measures predominantly the Collagenase I activity, which cleaves two of the three helical chains in the long, undenatured collagen protein. Collagenase II activity is measured by this enzyme’s ability to cut a short synthetic peptide, N-\[3-(2-Furyl)acryloyl)]-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala (FALGPA, see Product No. [F5135](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/F5135)), in a second collagenase digestive assay12,13. Purified preparations of either Collagenase I or II have been shown to be less effective at digesting various types of collagen or mammalian tissue when compared to a mixture of both forms of this enzyme. A purified collagenase containing only the Collagenase I and II forms of this enzyme is less effective at digesting tissue than the whole crude collagenase or combinations of the purified collagenase and various proteases. Obviously, the combination of true collagenase and the different native proteases, Clostripain and aminopeptidases that have evolved in nature assist each other in digesting the collagen in different animal tissues. For tissue digestions the crude collagenase products have always been the most effective. Some researchers have tried mixtures of chromatographically purified collagenase with a protease such as trypsin or subtilisin to digest tissue. In addition to the CDU and FALGPA assays for Collagenase activities, we test each product lot for Caseinase14,15, Clostripain and Tryptic activities to look at the proteolytic enzymatic activities in the collagenase products. The Caseinase assay is the most important of the three for measuring the proteolytic activity that assists the digestion of animal tissue. Because the Clostripain present in crude collagenase must be reduced (e.g. by treatment with Dithiothreitol) in order to be active this enzyme probably contributes little to the tissue dissociation process in the laboratory. It is monitored because some researchers have reported that Clostripain may be damaging or toxic. Many collagenase products that meet enzymatic specifications are also use-tested with various tissues obtained from rats. Type II ([C6885](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C6885), [C1764](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C1764)) and Type VIII ([C2139](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C2139)) collagenase lots are tested for the ability to release adipose (fat) cells from rat epididymal fat pads5. Fat cells are then screened for metabolic activity by measuring glucose oxidation rates with and without insulin addition. Type IV ([C5138](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C5138), [C1889](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C1889)) and Type VIII ([C2139](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C2139)) lots have been tested for the ability to release viable cells from rat liver7. Type V ([C9263](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C9263), [C2014](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C2014)), Type XI ([C7657](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C7657), [C4785](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C4785), [C9407](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C9407), and [C9697](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/c9697)) and Type S ([C6079](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C6079)) Collagenase lots must release intact islets of Langerhans from rat pancreas to pass their product test8. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Collagenase Tissue Digestion/Dissocation Troubleshooting and References Based on our own R&D and from discussions with customers it is clear that the way a particular tissue is dissected and prepared has a significant effect on the speed and efficiency of any tissue digestion-dissociation with collagenase. Differences in the ages of the tissue donors can also be a major source of variation over time. Make sure that calcium ions are present in the digestion buffers at 5 mM. Chelating agents EGTA and EDTA can severely inhibit Collagenase activity by removing Calcium ions required for enzyme stability and activity. β-mercaptoethanol16, cysteine16 and 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate16 ;are other inhibiting substances. A new lot of Collagenase with higher specific activity could cause excessive cell death at an established concentration. In that case use less collagenase and/or add BSA or serum (up to 0.5% and 5-10% respectively) to stabilize the cells to further digestion. ProblemCauseSolutionReference Digestion is poorInactive Enzymes Inadequate Ca++ Insufficient EnzymesStore Collagenase cold and dry. Store collagenase solution in frozen aliquots. Include 5 mM Ca++ in collagenase solution. Use more collagenase. Try our Blends with more protease activity.6 7 Released Cells are TrappedDNA released from broken cells Inadequate Non-protein gumsReduce agitation Add DNAse\** Flush tissue well before digesting it\*\** Use no Mg++ in digestion solution Add hyaluronidase with enzymes\*\*7 9 7 7 18 Cells Are KilledExcess protease pH changes Too little oxygenReduce exposure to proteases* Add albumin or heated serum Use buffers (e.g. HEPES) instead of HCO-3. Check and readjust pH often Aerate digestion solution (air or O2) Digest faster by using more enzymes 7 19 Cell Yield is LowEnzyme balance Adhesion factorsUse more Collagenase* Include elastase with Collagenase\** Perfuse tissue first to remove Ca++\*\** 20 7 Many Cells are DamagedExcessive Protease Physical damageUse less protease* Add albumin or heated serum Handle tissue and cells very gently21 7 New Lot Doesn’t workLot variationUse fractionated collagenase “blends” (Product No. [C7926](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C7926), [C8051](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C8051) or [C8176](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C8176))*  \* The separately prepared Collagenase and protease enzymes in the “Blend” products (No. [C7926](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C7926), [C8051](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C8051) or [C8176](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/SIGMA/C8176)) give reproducible control of how much of each is used. \** DNAse will be inactivated by the shear of excessive stirring, and added enzymes may be digested by the neutral protease present in the Collagenase. \*\** Use EGTA (or EDTA) to remove Ca++ and flush away microorganisms, then wash tissue with buffer to remove the chelating agent. Do not add EGTA or EDTA to the enzyme solutions! ### References 1\. Harper E. 1980. Collagenases. Annu. Rev. Biochem.. 49(1):1063-1078. [https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.005215](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.49.070180.005215) 2\. MacLennan JD, Mandl I, Howes EL. 1953. BACTERIAL DIGESTION OF COLLAGEN 1. J. Clin. Invest.. 32(12):1317-1322. [https://doi.org/10.1172/jci102860](https://doi.org/10.1172/jci102860) 3\. Bond MD, Van Wart HE. 1984. Characterization of the individual collagenases from Clostridium histolyticum. Biochemistry. 23(13):3085-3091. [https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00308a036](https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00308a036) 4\. Matsushita O, Jung C, Katayama S, Minami J, Takahashi Y, Okabe A. 1999. Gene Duplication and Multiplicity of Collagenases in Clostridium histolyticum. J. Bacteriol.. 181(3):923-933. [https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.3.923-933.1999](https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.3.923-933.1999) 5\. Rodbell M. 1964. Metabolism of Isolated Fat Cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 239(2):375-380. [https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51687-2](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258%2818%2951687-2) 6\. Fain JN. 1975. \[53] Isolation of free brown and white fat cells.555-561. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(75)35184-7](https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879%2875%2935184-7) 7\. Seglen PO. 1976. Chapter 4 Preparation of Isolated Rat Liver Cells.29-83. [https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61797-5](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-679x%2808%2961797-5) 8\. Lacy PE, Kostianovsky M. 1967. Method for the Isolation of Intact Islets of Langerhans from the Rat Pancreas. Diabetes. 16(1):35-39. [https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.16.1.35](https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.16.1.35) 9\. Buitrago A, Gylfe E, Henriksson C, Pertoft H. 1977. Rapid isolation of pancreatic islets from collagenase digested pancreas by sedimentation through percoll? at unit gravity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 79(3):823-828. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(77)91185-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x%2877%2991185-8) 10\. Moore S, Stein WH. 1948. PHOTOMETRIC NINHYDRIN METHOD FOR USE IN THE CHROMATOGRAPHY OF AMINO ACIDS. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 176(1):367-388. [https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)51034-6](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258%2818%2951034-6) 11\. “Enzymatic Assay of Collagenase. Collagen Digestion Assay”, our quality control test procedure.. 12\. Van Wart HE, Steinbrink D. 1981. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for Clostridium histolyticum collagenase. Analytical Biochemistry. 113(2):356-365. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(81)90089-0](https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697%2881%2990089-0) 13\. “Enzymatic Assay of Collagenase Using FALGPA as the Substrate”, our quality control test procedure.. 14\. Anson M, Gen. Physiol. J. The Estimitation of Pepsin, Trypsin, Papain and Cathepsin with Hemoglobin. 22, 79 (1938). 15\. “Enzymatic Assay of Caseinase (Collagenase Products)”, our quality control test procedure.. 16\. Seifter S, Gallop PM, Klein L, Meilman E. 1959. Studies on Collagen. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 234(2):285-293. [https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)70290-1](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258%2818%2970290-1) 17\. Berry MN, Friend DS. 1969. HIGH-YIELD PREPARATION OF ISOLATED RAT LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS. 43(3):506-520. [https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.43.3.506](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.43.3.506) 18\. Bellemann P, Gebhardt R, Mecke D. 1977. An improved method for the isolation of hepatocytes from liver slices. Analytical Biochemistry. 81(2):408-415. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(77)90711-4](https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697%2877%2990711-4) 19\. Ives HE, Schultz GS, Galardy RE, Jamieson JD. 1978. Preparation of functional smooth muscle cells from the rabbit aorta.. 148(5):1400-1413. [https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.148.5.1400](https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.148.5.1400) 20\. Fain JN, Loken SC. 1969. Response of Trypsin-treated Brown and White Fat Cells to Hormones. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 244(13):3500-3506. [https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83400-7](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258%2818%2983400-7) 21\. Berry, M, Edwards, Aa, Barritt, G. 1991. Isolated Hepatocytes; Preparation, Properties and Applications. 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