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Order](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/quick-order) Cart0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en)[Drug Delivery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery)Chitosan in Pharmaceutical Applications # Chitosan in Pharmaceutical Applications __Section Overview__ - [Introduction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#introduction) - [High-Purity Chitosan](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#purity) - [Chitosan in Tissue Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#tissue) - [Chitosan in Drug Delivery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#drug) - [Chitosan in Medical Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#medical) - [Preparation of Chitosan Microparticles by Spray Drying](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#chitosan) - [Related Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#see-products) ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Introduction Chitosan is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polysaccharide derived from chitin, typically sourced from the exoskeletons of crustaceans. This natural polymer has found extensive use in various medical fields, particularly in tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery, and medical devices.  __Figure 1.__ Chemical structure of chitosan. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)High-Purity Chitosan [High-purity chitosan (937657)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/937657) is a biomedical research grade, high molecular weight chitosan produced by Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) method by farming European spiny lobsters (*Panulirus elephas*) in a fully controlled, land-based environment. This method prevents any quality and batch-to-batch reproducibility inconsistencies, and sustainability issues. Chitosan is the only third-generation product with high molecular weight, reproducibility, and no detectable protein content, making it ideal for advanced biomedical therapies. It is used for bone, cartilage, and cardiac tissue regeneration, corneal and periodontal tissue regeneration, wound healing and gene delivery and bioimaging, vaccination, and cosmeceutical applications.  ### RAS Process RAS system mimics natural habitats, achieving growth rates up to five times faster than wild lobsters, without the use of antibiotics, hormones, or chemicals. By maintaining optimal environmental conditions and implementing stress-reduction techniques, this process eliminates the risks associated with open-water farming.  Chitosan is exclusively extracted from naturally molted shells, leaving lobsters completely unharmed. [High-purity chitosan](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/937657) uses an AI-based traceability system that tracks every molting cycle and efficiently collects the shed carapaces, ensuring ethical treatment of the lobsters and full traceability of every batch. Controlled deacetylation and cutting-edge purification processes is used to optimize chitosan properties for specific biomedical applications. These processes provide high-purity and safety, with standardized procedures that ensure consistent quality across batches. Chitosan provides FDA and EMA-compliant chitosan for enhanced therapeutic efficacy in various applications.  Biomedical chitosan stands out in the market due to its high-purity, consistent quality, and traceability. With no detectable residual proteins, our chitosan eliminates potential inflammatory responses, offering maximum safety for medical applications.   __Figure 2.__RAS Facility: A Lagosta technician monitors a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) tank, designed to mimic natural lobster habitats. Image credit: © [Lagosta](https://lagosta.com/)  __Figure 3.__The cruelty-free production pipeline of Lagosta's high-purity chitosan: naturally molted spiny lobster shells (left) are collected, crushed (center), and processed through advanced deacetylation and purification to yield FDA- and EMA-compliant biomedical chitosan (right). Image credit: © [Lagosta](https://lagosta.com/) ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Chitosan in Tissue Engineering Chitosan's forms porous scaffolds that make it ideal for promoting cell growth and tissue regeneration. Its three-dimensional structure can be seeded with bioactive agents, including growth factors, to enhance tissue repair. The hemostatic and antimicrobial properties of chitosan helps in wound dressing applications, where it can limit infection risks and improve skin regeneration.  ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Chitosan in Drug Delivery Chitosan is used as a carrier for controlled release of pharmaceuticals. It forms stable electrostatic complexes with polyanionic macromolecules, that can be used in gene therapy, for the encapsulation of DNA or RNA. It also improves solubility and buffering capacity for gene delivery to create amphiphilic derivatives for hydrophobic drug encapsulation.  Chitosan's primary amine groups allow for the formation of polyplexes for non-viral gene delivery, addressing challenges like nucleic acid degradation. Modifications such as quaternization improve solubility and stability, while grafting additional functional groups enhances transfection efficiency. These modifications enable effective delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids, including siRNA and DNA. To enhance stability and solubility, chitosan's primary amine can be quaternized, resulting in N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), which shows improved ionic complex stability. Further modifications, such as grafting thiols, enhance mucoadhesive properties, while converting amines to carboxylic acids increases solubility in neutral media, although stability with DNA may decrease. Grafting additional polymers or functional groups can further improve solubility and buffering capacity, with secondary and tertiary amino groups enhancing transfection efficiency through a simple one-step synthesis process.  ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Chitosan in Medical Devices Due to its antimicrobial properties, chitosan is used for creating protective coatings and reduces the risk of device-associated infections. Its pH-sensitive nature allows the development of smart medical devices that can respond to environmental changes.  ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Preparation of Chitosan Microparticles by Spray Drying Chitosan microparticles (diameter range of 1-10 µm) with controlled size and morphology are highly relevant in drug delivery and biopharmaceuticals. The size and the morphology of microparticles depends encapsulating bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model protein, and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), a cross-linker, and other processing parameters on the formation of particle size and morphology. [Chitosan](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/740063) with a molecular weight of 67,000 g/mole and varying formulations that included bovine serum albumin (BSA) and [sodium tripolyphosphate](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigald/238503) (TPP) as a cross-linker, microparticles were created using a mini spray dryer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the size and morphology of the microparticles remained largely unchanged with the addition of BSA or TPP; however, the average diameter increased from 3.2-3.5 µm to 4.3 µm when both were present. Lower chitosan concentrations resulted in more polydisperse particles with larger agglomerations. Additionally, spray drying parameters significantly impacted particle size, demonstrating the feasibility of tailoring microparticle characteristics for specific drug delivery applications. | | | | | |---------------|----------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------| | Formulation # | Chitosan concentration (wt :v %) | BSA concentration (wt :wt %) | TPP concentration (wt :wt %) | | __F1__ | 1% in HAc 1% | no BSA | no TPP | | __F2__ | 1% in HAc 1% | no BSA | 12 | | __F3__ | 1% in HAc 1% | 0.5 | no TPP | | __F4__ | 1% in HAc 1% | 0.5 | 12 | | __F5__ | 0.1% in HAc 1% | no BSA | no TPP | Table 1.Composition of solutions (F1-F5) containing Bovine serum albumin (BSA), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), and acetic acid (HAc) Microparticles were prepared using a mini spray dryer (B-290) from BUCHI. The atomization parameters are reported in __Table 2__. | | | | | | |-------------|------------------------|--------------------|---------------------|-----------------------| | Parameter # | Inlet Temperature (°C) | Pump rate (mL/min) | Air pressure (mmHg) | Air spray flow (L/hr) | | __P1__ | 160 | 9.5 | 600 | 600 | | __P2__ | 160 | 4.75 | 60 | 1740 | Table 2.Spray drying process conditions ## Related Products Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 __Related Articles__ - [Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering/hydrogels-for-biomedical-applications) - [Chitosan-based Biomaterials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery/chitosan-based-biomaterials) - [Chitosan Biopolymer from Fungal Fermentation for Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery/chitosan-biopolymer-from-fungal-fermentation) - [Tailoring Collagen-Based Matrices for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering/tailoring-collagen-based-matrices) - [Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering/injectable-hydrogels) - [Microfluidics for Nanoencapsulation of Nucleic Acids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery/microfluidics-nanoencapsulation-nucleic-acids-polymeric-carriers) __Related Product Categories__ - [Biomedical Polymers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/biomedical-polymers) Top __Sign In To Continue__ To continue reading please sign in or create an account. 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[Protein Sample Prep](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep) - [Amicon^® Centrifugals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/amicon-centrifugals) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG^® Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Inhibitor Cocktails](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/inhibitor-cocktails) - [Laboratory Concentration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-concentration-devices) - [Laboratory Dialysis & Diafiltration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-dialysis-and-diafiltration-devices) - [Recombinant/Fusion Tag Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/recombinant-fusion-tag-protein-purification) - [Subcellular Fractionation Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/subcellular-fractionation-reagents) - [Whole Cell Lysis Reagents & Enhancers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/whole-cell-lysis-reagents-and-enhancers) - [Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification) - [Milli-Q^® Benchtop Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-benchtop-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® High-Flow Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-high-flow-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® Clinical Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-clinical-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® Consumables](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-consumables) - [Milli-Q^® Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-accessories) - Applications - [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry) - [Atomic Spectroscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy) - [Calibration, Qualification, Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation) - [Gas Chromatography (GC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/gas-chromatography) - [Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography) - [Large Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/large-molecule-hplc) - [Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/low-pressure-liquid-chromatography) - [Small Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/small-molecule-hplc) - [Mass Spectrometry (MS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/mass-spectrometry) - [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/nuclear-magnetic-resonance) - [Photometry & Reflectometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-reflectometry) - [Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation) - [Sample Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/filtration) - [Sample Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/purification) - [QuEChERS Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/quechers) - [Solid Phase Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-extraction) - [Solid Phase Microextraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-microextraction) - [Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/thin-layer-chromatography) - [Titration & Karl Fischer](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/titration-and-karl-fischer) - [Water for Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/water-purification/water-analytical-chemistry) - [Wet Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/wet-chemical-analysis) - [Cell Culture & Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis) - [Cell Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis) - [Cell-based Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-based-assays) - [Cell Counting & Health analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-counting-and-health-analysis) - [Imaging Analysis & Live Cell Imaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/imaging-analysis-and-live-cell-imaging) - [Cell Culture by Cell Type](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type) - [Mammalian Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/mammalian-cell-culture) - [Microbial Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/microbial-cell-culture) - [Plant Tissue Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/plant-tissue-culture) - [Primary Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/primary-cell-culture) - [Stem Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/stem-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture by Technique](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/3d-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-culture-media-preparation) - [Cell Growth & Maintenance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-growth-and-maintenance) - [Transfection & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/transfection-and-gene-editing) - [Cell Culture for Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-for-manufacturing) - [Cell Culture Troubleshooting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-troubleshooting) - [Chemistry & Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/adc-and-bioconjugation) - [Lead Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/lead-discovery) - [Peptide Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/peptide-synthesis) - [Protein Degradation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/protein-degradation) - [Reaction Design & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/reaction-design-and-optimization) - [Synthetic Methods](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods) - [C-H Functionalization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/ch-functionalization) - [Cross Coupling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/cross-coupling) - [Fluorination](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/fluorination) - [Metathesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/metathesis) - [Organic Reaction Toolbox](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/organic-reaction-toolbox) - [Photocatalysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/photocatalysis) - [Clinical & Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing) - [Bacteriology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/bacteriology) - [Blood Typing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/blood-typing) - [Clinical & Forensics Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/clinical-and-forensic-testing) - [Cytology & Cytodiagnosis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/cytology-and-microscopy) - [Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/diagnostic-immunohistochemistry) - [Hematology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/hematology) - [Histology/Histopathology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/histology) - [IVD Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/ivd-manufacturing) - [Water for Clinical Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/water-purification/water-clinical-diagnostics) - [Environmental & Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene) - [Air Sampling & Monitoring](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/air-testing) - [Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing) - [Cannabinoids & Potency](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/cannabinoid-profiling-potency-testing) - [Pesticides & Mycotoxins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/pesticides-mycotoxins-in-cannabis) - [Terpenes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/terpenes-cannabis) - [Drinking Water Testing​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/drinking-water-testing) - [Soil, Solid Waste, & Groundwater Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/soil-solid-waste-groundwater-testing) - [Waste Water & Process Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/waste-water-and-process-water-testing) - [Food & Beverage Testing & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing) - [Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/chemical-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Flavor & Fragrance Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/flavor-and-fragrance-formulation) - [Microbiological Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/microbiological-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Regulatory Compliance​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/regulatory-compliance-for-food-and-beverage) - [Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics) - [Advanced Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/advanced-gene-editing) - [Cloning & Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/cloning-and-expression) - [DNA & RNA Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification) - [Epigenetics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/epigenetics) - [Functional Genomics Screening](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/functional-genomics-screening) - [Gene Expression & Silencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/gene-expression-and-silencing) - [Next Gen Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/next-gen-sequencing) - [Nucleic Acid Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/nucleic-acid-gel-electrophoresis) - [Nucleic Acid Labeling & Detection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/nucleic-acid-labeling-and-detection) - [PCR](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/pcr) - [qPCR](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/qpcr) - [Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/genomics/sequencing) - [Materials Science & Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering) - [3D Bioprinting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/3d-bioprinting) - [3D Printing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/3d-printing) - [Batteries, Supercapacitors, Fuel Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/batteries-supercapacitors-and-fuel-cells) - [Bioelectronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/bioelectronics) - [Biosensors & Bioimaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/biosensors-and-bioimaging) - [Chemical Vapor Deposition](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/chemical-vapor-deposition) - [Contact Lens & Dental Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing) - [Drug Delivery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery) - [Electron Microscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/electron-microscopy) - [Microelectronics & Nanoelectronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/microelectronics-and-nanoelectronics) - [Nanoparticle & Microparticle Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/nanoparticle-and-microparticle-synthesis) - [Organic Electronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/organic-electronics) - [Photovoltaics & Solar Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells) - [Polymer Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/polymer-synthesis) - [Solid State Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/solid-state-synthesis) - [Tissue Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering) - [Microbiological Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/microbiological-testing) - [Bioburden Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/microbiological-testing/bioburden-testing) - [Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-culture-media-preparation) - [Media Fill (APS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/microbiological-testing/media-fills) - [Microbial Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-water-testing) - [Mycoplasma Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/microbiological-testing/mycoplasma-testing) - 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