[Skip to Content](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#main-content) [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en) Products Cart0 CAEN Products ProductsApplicationsServicesResourcesSupport [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry)[Cell Culture & Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis)[Chemistry & Biochemicals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals)[Clinical & Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics)[Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration) [Greener Alternative Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/greener-alternative-products) [Industrial Microbiology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology)[Lab Automation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/lab-automation)[Labware](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware)[Materials Science](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science)[Molecular Biology & Functional Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics)[mAbs Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies)[mRNA Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing)[Pharma & Biopharma Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing)[Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology)[Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification) [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry)[Cell Culture & Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis)[Chemistry & Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis) [Clinical & Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing)[Environmental & Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene)[Food & Beverage Testing & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing)[Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics)[Materials Science & Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering)[Microbiological Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing)[mAbs Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies)[mRNA Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing)[Pharma & Biopharma Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing)[Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology)[Research & Disease Areas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas)[Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification) [Contract Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing)[Contract Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing)[Custom Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products)[Digital Solutions for Life Science](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms)[IVD Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing)[Product Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services)[Support](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support) [Documents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=coa) [Learning CenterNew](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/learning-center) [Customer Support](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/support/customer-support) [Contact Us](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/offices) [Get Site Smart](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/ecommerce/website-update-info) [FAQ](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/) [Quality & Regulatory](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/quality-and-regulatory-management) [Calculators & Apps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/support/calculators-and-apps) [Webinars](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/webinars) [Login / Register](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/oidc-sign-in) [Order Lookup](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/order-lookup) [Quick Order](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/quick-order) Cart0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en)[Polymerase Chain Reaction Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/pcr)Complete Whole Transcriptome Amplification Kit Protocol (WTA2) # Complete Whole Transcriptome Amplification Kit Protocol (WTA2) [Product Description](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#product_description) [Components](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#components) [Storage/Stability](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#storage) [Procedure](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#procedure) [Troubleshooting Guide](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#troubleshooting) [Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#faq) [Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#materials) [References](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#ref) [Publication](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#publication) ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Product Description WTA2, a Whole Transcriptome Amplification (WTA) method, allows for representative amplification of nanogram quantities of total RNA in less than 4 hours without 3'-bias. The resulting microgram quantities of product generated from tissue, cultured cells, formalin-fixed samples, or serum are suitable for downstream applications such as qPCR and microarray analyses. The Complete WTA Kit provides everything needed for amplification including the amplification enzyme. The WTA process involves two steps. In the first step, sample RNA is reverse transcribed with primers composed of a semi-degenerate 3' end and a universal 5' end. As polymerization proceeds, displaced single strands serve as new templates for primer annealing and extension. The resultant cDNA library, composed of random, overlapping fragments flanked by universal end sequence, is then amplified by PCR with the universal primer to produce WTA product. Product size ranges from 100–1000 bases when amplifying intact RNA, and typically smaller for degraded RNA. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Components | | | | | |----------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------|---------|----------| | Description | Catalog Number | 10 RXN | 50 RXN | | Library Synthesis Buffer | L9418 | 25 µL | 125 µL | | Library Synthesis Solution | L9293 | 25 µL | 125 µL | | Library Synthesis Enzyme | L9543 | 20 µL | 100 µL | | Amplification Mix | A6731 | 375 µL | 1.875 µL | | 10mM dNTP Mix | [D7295](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/product/sigma/D7295) | 0.2 mL | 0.5 mL | | Nuclease-Free Water | [W4502](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/product/sigma/W4502) | 5 mL | 20 mL | | Amplification Enzyme | A6856 | 37.5 µL | 187.5 µL | ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Storage/Stability All components should be stored at –20 °C. When thawed for use, components should be kept on ice. Stability of the WTA Library Synthesis Enzyme will be affected if stored warmer than –20 °C or allowed to remain for long periods at temperatures over 4 °C. RNA sample (not included) should be thawed on ice. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Procedure Following this procedure should produce 25-40 µg of WTAmplicon, starting from 5-25 ng of high quality total RNA. Typically, 5- to 10-fold more input RNA is recommended when isolated from FFPE tissues. Reactions can be scaled up or down to accommodate preparation of necessary quantities of final product. __Library Synthesis Reaction__ 1\. Thaw the Library Synthesis Buffer, Library Synthesis Solution, Library Synthesis Enzyme and Nuclease-Free Water. Mix Library Synthesis Buffer and Library Synthesis Solution thoroughly. Dissolve any precipitate in these solutions by briefly heating at 37 °C, with thorough mixing. 2\. To at least 25 ng of total RNA (5 ng per 75 µL reaction, step 10) add: a. 2.5 µL Library Synthesis Solution b. Nuclease-Free Water to a total of 16.6 µL Note: At least 250 ng of degraded total RNA, e.g., from FFPE tissues, is recommended per 375 µL reaction (50 ng per 75 µL reaction, step 10). 3\. Mix and incubate in a thermocycler programmed for 70 °C for 5 minutes then 18 °C. 4\. To the cooled-primed RNA immediately add the following (individually or premixed) a. 2.5 µL Library Synthesis Buffer b. 3.9 µL Water c. 2 µL Library Synthesis Enzyme 5\. Incubate in a thermal cycler using the following parameters: 18º C for 10 minutes 25º C for 10 minutes 37º C for 30 minutes 42º C for 10 minutes 70º C for 20 minutes 4º C 6\. Consolidate any condensation by centrifugation and mixing. __Amplification Reaction__ 7\. Thaw the Amplification Mix and 10mM dNTP Mix. 8\. Prepare the following master mix a. 301 µL Nuclease-Free Water b. 37.5 µL Amplification Mix c. 7.5 µL WTA dNTP Mix d. 3.75 µL Amplification Enzyme Note: For real-time PCR, deduct the volumes of a reference dye and 3.75 µL of a 1:1000 dilution (in Nuclease–Free Water) of SYBR® Green stain from the water volume. Add SYBR® Green dilution to master mix immediately before dispensing. Prepare a fresh dilution for each experiment, 9\. Add the entire Library Synthesis reaction from Step 6 (25 µL) to the master mix solution from Step 8 and mix. 10\. Divide the above (step 9) into five 75 µL reactions. (A reaction volume of < 75 µL, for the last aliquot, is not critical). Incubate in a thermal cycler using the following parameters: 94° C for 2 minutes. 17 cycles x (94° C for 30 seconds, 70° C for 5 minutes) __Note:__ The optimal number of amplification cycles varies with template amount and quality. Seventeen cycles is recommended for 5 ng of high quality RNA or 50 ng of FFPE RNA. Due to variations in the level of degradation (e.g., RNAs isolated from FFPE tissues), some RNA samples may require higher input quantities and/or more cycles. Optimal cycle number is achieved by proceeding 2–3 cycles beyond the amplification “plateau”, as observed with real-time quantitative PCR. 11\. After cycling is complete, maintain the reactions at 4 °C or store at –20 °C until ready for analysis or purification. The stability of WTA DNA is equivalent to genomic DNA stored under the same conditions. 12\. For removal of residual primers and nucleotides, use any standard PCR purification kit or equivalent methods for purification of double and single-stranded DNA. 13\. Purified DNA is quantified by measuring absorbance. 1 A260 unit is equivalent to 50 ng/µL DNA. Measurement techniques such as PicoGreen® dye will often underestimate the actual WTA DNA yield, since single stranded DNA may be present following amplification. PicoGreen and SYBR are registered trademarks of Molecular Probes. Inc. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Troubleshooting Guide | | | | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Observation | Potential Cause | Recommended Solution | | Low yield | Sample RNA quality (degraded or impure) | Titrate input RNA quantity up to 300 ng | | | | Evaluate different RNA preparation methods | | | | Increase PCR cycles | | | | Monitor amplifications on real-time instrument to determine optimal PCR cycle | | | | Pool multiple reaction product of degraded or impure samples | | | Quantified using PicoGreen | Determine yield by UV absorbance | | | Didn’t purify single-stranded or small products | Use a kit that purifies double and single-stranded DNA | | | | Use a kit capable of purifying 100 bp PCR products | | Rare transcripts not efficiently incorporated during library amplification | Insufficient RNA input | Increase RNA quantity | ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Frequently asked questions __What type of RNA may be used?__ RNA can be isolated using standard methods or kits; RNA from numerous source materials may be used including blood, tissue biopsy, cultured cells and fixed or frozen tissues. Non-human sources of RNA may also be used such as animals, plants, or microorganisms. __How much RNA is required to successfully perform WTA amplification?__ For the most robust performance there should be at least 50 ng of RNA at a concentration of >5 ng/µL in TE, samples of RNA containing < 5 ng are useable. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and should have a molecular weight of at least 300 bases. __How can I optimize amplification yields?__ Optimal PCR cycle numbers might vary with template amount and quality. 17 cycles are recommended for 5 ng library aliquots of high quality RNA. If using a real-time system, the optimal cycle number is defined as the last cycle of a 2-3 cycle “plateau” phase in which the relative fluorescence unit stays constant. __Once library amplification is complete how should the samples be purified?__ Upon completion of library amplification the cDNA should be purified to remove residual primers and nucleotides that may interfere with downstream applications. We recommend the Sigma-Aldrich® GenElute PCR DNA Purification Kit ([NA1020](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/product/sigma/NA1020)) for the purification of single-stranded and/or double stranded amplification products from other reaction components such as excess primers, nucleotides or polymerases. __Can WTA2 be used to amplify archival fixed tissue or degraded samples?__ Yes, the WTA kit effectively amplifies degraded RNA, including formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples. However, to acceptably amplify the final product, degraded samples require more starting material, but no more than 300 ng should be used. __What materials are provided with the WGA2 kit?__ The WGA2 provides all necessary buffers, primers and enzymes for first strand synthesis, second strand synthesis and cDNA library amplification. __I need to quantify my WTA product, what is the preferred method?__ UV absorbance (A260) should be used to quantify purified products using the conversion of 1 OD = 50 µg/mL. PicoGreen® should not be used for quantification because it cannot efficiently detect single-stranded products and will underestimate the DNA yield. Each aliquot of library generated from high quality human total RNA will generate between 4 to 8 µg of WTA product. If electrophoresed, the product appears as a smear with a size distribution of 0.2 kb to 2 kb on a 0.8% agarose gel. Yield and size distribution of products may vary depending on the integrity and purity of the sample RNA. __What are the downstream applications of WTA products?__ WTA amplification creates a cDNA library of the RNA template. Applications such as qPCR, traditional cloning (TOPO TA Cloning®), micro array may be performed. __Is the WTA2 system 3 prime biased?__ No, in the system, quasi-random WTA primers with universal ends are used for synthesis of cDNA products. This enables the amplification of highly degraded RNA in which much of the amplifiable sequence has become separated from the poly-A sequence. qPCR and microarray testing of both degraded and intact RNA vs 3' biased methods have been successful. __Where in my target sequence can I design my qPCR primers?__ The system WTA2 includes random priming and therefore primers can be designed at any location within the mRNA. In order to avoid qPCR interference from possible genomic DNA contamination, we recommend treating your RNA with DNase and designing your amplicons to span an intron. We strongly recommend designing your assays for multiple locations across the transcript since the starting FFPE RNA is likely to be highly degraded. __Can I adjust the protocol?__ Yes, the protocol is optimized to create microgram quantities of cDNA for microarray analysis. Scaling back the reaction volumes will not impact the quality of the results, only the quantity of final product. __I want to clone the cDNA library—what are suggestions?__ The cDNA product is similar to any PCR product. A TOPO TA cloning method is suggested. Ensure a dilution is set-up to achieve the optimal cloning results. ## Materials Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### References 1\. Correa AMS, Welsh RM, Vega Thurber RL. 2013. Unique nucleocytoplasmic dsDNA and +ssRNA viruses are associated with the dinoflagellate endosymbionts of corals. ISME J. 7(1):13-27. [https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.75](https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.75) 2\. Korpos E, Kadri N, Kappelhoff R, Wegner J, Overall CM, Weber E, Holmberg D, Cardell S, Sorokin L. 2013. The Peri-islet Basement Membrane, a Barrier to Infiltrating Leukocytes in Type 1 Diabetes in Mouse and Human. Diabetes. 62(2):531-542. [https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-0432](https://doi.org/10.2337/db12-0432) 3\. Vargas M, Malvankar NS, Tremblay P, Leang C, Smith JA, Patel P, Synoeyenbos-West O, Nevin KP, Lovley DR. Aromatic Amino Acids Required for Pili Conductivity and Long-Range Extracellular Electron Transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens. mBio. 4(2): [https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00105-13](https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00105-13) 4\. Trojnar E, Sachsenröder J, Twardziok S, Reetz J, Otto PH, Johne R. 2013. Identification of an avian group A rotavirus containing a novel VP4 gene with a close relationship to those of mammalian rotaviruses. 94(1):136-142. [https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047381-0](https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047381-0) 5\. Pan X, Durrett RE, Zhu H, Tanaka Y, Li Y, Zi X, Marjani SL, Euskirchen G, Ma C, LaMotte RH, et al. 2013. Two methods for full-length RNA sequencing for low quantities of cells and single cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110(2):594-599. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217322109](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217322109) 6\. Kohl C, Lesnik R, Brinkmann A, Ebinger A, Radoni? A, Nitsche A, Mühldorfer K, Wibbelt G, Kurth A. Isolation and Characterization of Three Mammalian Orthoreoviruses from European Bats. PLoS ONE. 7(8):e43106. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043106](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043106) 7\. Olsvik PA, Lie KK, Nordtug T, Hansen BH. 2012. Is chemically dispersed oil more toxic to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae than mechanically dispersed oil? A transcriptional evaluation. BMC Genomics. 13(1):702. [https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-702](https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-702) 8\. Lim YW, Schmieder R, Haynes M, Willner D, Furlan M, Youle M, Abbott K, Edwards R, Evangelista J, Conrad D, et al. 2013. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics: Windows on CF-associated viral and microbial communities. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 12(2):154-164. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2012.07.009](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2012.07.009) 9\. Benayoun BA, Anttonen M, L?Hôte D, Bailly-Bechet M, Andersson N, Heikinheimo M, Veitia RA. 2013. Adult ovarian granulosa cell tumor transcriptomics: prevalence of FOXL2 target genes misregulation gives insights into the pathogenic mechanism of the p.Cys134Trp somatic mutation. Oncogene. 32(22):2739-2746. [https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2012.298](https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2012.298) 10\. Klur S, Toy K, Williams MP, Certa U. 2004. Evaluation of procedures for amplification of small-size samples for hybridization on microarrays. Genomics. 83(3):508-517. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.005](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.005) 11\. Iscove NN, Barbara M, Gu M, Gibson M, Modi C, Winegarden N. 2002. Representation is faithfully preserved in global cDNA amplified exponentially from sub-picogram quantities of mRNA. Nat Biotechnol. 20(9):940-943. [https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt729](https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt729) 12\. Hertzberg M, Sievertzon M, Aspeborg H, Nilsson P, Sandberg G, Lundeberg J. cDNA microarray analysis of small plant tissue samples using a cDNA tag target amplification protocol. 25(5):585-591. [https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00972.x](https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00972.x) 13\. Nagy ZB, Kelemen JZ, Fehér LZ, Zvara Á, Juhász K, Puskás LG. 2005. Real-time polymerase chain reaction-based exponential sample amplification for microarray gene expression profiling. Analytical Biochemistry. 337(1):76-83. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.044](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.044) __Related Articles__ - [Whole Transcriptome Amplification FAQs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/pcr/wta-faqs) - [Installation & Use of Milli-Q® SQ *2Series* Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/protocol/analytical-chemistry/wet-chemical-analysis/installation-use-of-milli-q-2series-water-purification-system) - [Optimized PCR-based Detection of Mycoplasma](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/protocol/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-counting-and-health-analysis/optimized-pcr-based-mycoplasma-detection) - [Recombinant Selection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/cloning-and-expression/restriction-enzyme-cloning-manual-recombinants) - [Whole Genome Amplification: Blood Card Protocol](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification/blood-card) - [Deoxyribonuclease I](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification/deoxyribonuclease-i) - [Extract-N-Amp™ Tissue PCR Kit Protocol](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification/extract-n-amp-tissue-pcr-kit) - [Saliva DNA Extraction & WGA Amplification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification/extraction-of-dna-from-saliva) __Related Product Categories__ - [Whole Genome Amplification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/pcr-and-amplification/whole-genome-amplification) - [Reaction Clean-Up](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-purification/reaction-clean-up) Top __Sign In To Continue__ To continue reading please sign in or create an account. Sign In__Don't Have An Account?__Register Support[Customer Support](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/support/customer-support)[Contact Us](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/offices)[FAQ](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/)[Safety Data Sheets (SDS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=sds)[Certificates (COA/COO)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=coa)[Quality & Regulatory](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/quality-and-regulatory-management)[Calculators & Apps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/support/calculators-and-apps)[Webinars](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/webinars) Orders[Order Lookup](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/order-lookup)[Quick Order](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/quick-order)[Custom Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products)[eCommerce Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/ecommerce/ecommerce-solutions) Company[About Us](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/about-us)[Responsibility](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/ssbi)[Events](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/events)[Press Releases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/press)[Programs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/partnership-programs)[Careers](https://careers.merckgroup.com/global/en)[Offices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/offices) Social Media [](https://www.linkedin.com/company/milliporesigma) [](https://x.com/MilliporeSigma) [](https://www.facebook.com/MilliporeSigma) [](https://www.instagram.com/milliporesigma/) [](https://www.youtube.com/@milliporesigma2407/featured) MilliporeSigma __Research. Development. Production.__ We are a leading supplier to the global Life Science industry with solutions and services for research, biotechnology development and production, and pharmaceutical drug therapy development and production. [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en) [Sigma-Aldrich® Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/sigma-aldrich)[BioReliance® Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/bioreliance)[Millipore® Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/millipore)[SAFC® Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/safc)[Milli-Q® Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/milliq)[Supelco® Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/supelco) © 2026 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved, including Text and Data Mining for AI training and similar technologies. Reproduction of any materials from the site is strictly forbidden without permission. [Site Use Terms](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/legal/site-use-terms)|[Privacy Policy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/legal/privacy-statement)|[General Terms and Conditions of Sale](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/legal/terms-and-conditions)|[Copyright Consent](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/legal/copyright-consent) |[Site Map](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/site-map) An unknown error has occured. - English - EN - Français - FR [Learn More](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) - Products - [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry) - [Analytical Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography) - [Analytical Syringes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/analytical-syringes) - [Analytical Vials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/analytical-vials) - [Carbon Adsorbents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/carbon-adsorbents) - [Chromatography Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/chromatography-standards) - [GC Columns, Accessories & Adsorbents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/gc-columns-accessories-and-adsorbents) - [HPLC Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/hplc-buffers) - [HPLC Columns](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/hplc-columns) - [LPLC Media & Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/lplc-media-and-accessories) - [Purge Traps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/purge-traps) - [Solvents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/solvents) - [TLC Plates & Adsorbents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/tlc-plates-and-adsorbants) - [Analytical Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-reagents) - [Acids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/acids) - [Analytical Syringes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/analytical-syringes) - [Analytical Vials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/analytical-vials) - [Caustic Alkalis & Bases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/caustic-alkalis-and-bases) - [Chromatography & Spectroscopy Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-reagents/chromatography-spectroscopy-reagents) - [Colorimetric & Titrimetric Test Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/colorimetric-and-titrimetric-test-kits) - [Indicators](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-reagents/indicators) - [Karl Fischer Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-reagents/karl-fischer-reagents) - [Karl Fischer Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/karl-fischer-standards) - [Metals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/metals) - [pH Test Strips, pH Papers, Readers & Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/ph-test-strips-paper-readers-and-accessories) - [Salts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/salts) - [Solvents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/solvents) - [Spectroquant Photometry Instruments, Kits, & Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/photometry-instruments-kits-and-accessories) - [Test Strips, Papers & Readers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/test-strips-papers-and-readers) - [Titration Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-reagents/titration-reagents) - [Analytical Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation) - [Air Monitoring Devices & Tubes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/air-monitoring-devices-and-tubes) - [Laboratory Filter Holders](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-holders) - [Millipore^® Lab Filter Membranes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-membranes/millipore-filter-membranes) - [Millex^® Syringe Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-syringe-filters/millex-syringe-filters) - [Purge Traps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/purge-traps) - [Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) & QuEChERS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/spe-and-quechers) - [Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/spme-fibers-and-accessories) - [Supported Liquid Extraction (SLE) Columns, Resins & Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/sle-columns-resins-and-accessories) - [Lab Safety](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety) - [Labware Detergents & Cleaners](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/cleaning-detergents) - [Safe Handling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/safe-handling) - [Safety Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/safety-accessories) - [Spillage Absorption](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/spillage-absorption) - [Photometry & Rapid Chemical Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing) - [Colorimetric & Titrimetric Test Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/colorimetric-and-titrimetric-test-kits) - [pH Test Strips, pH Papers, Readers & Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/ph-test-strips-paper-readers-and-accessories) - [Photometry Instruments, Test Kits & Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/photometry-instruments-kits-and-accessories) - [Test Strips, Papers & Readers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/test-strips-papers-and-readers) - [Turbidimetric Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-rapid-chemical-testing/turbiquant-turbidimetric-analysis) - [Reference Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials) - [Amino Acid, Peptide & Protein Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/amino-acid-peptide-and-protein-standards) - [Biomarker & Metabolite Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/biomarker-and-metabolite-standards) - [Cannabis Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/cannabis-standards) - [Carbohydrate Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/carbohydrate-standards) - [Certified Reference Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/certified-reference-materials) - [Chromatography Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/chromatography-standards) - [Food Additive Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/food-additive-standards) - [Food & Cosmetic Component Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/food-and-cosmetic-component-standards) - [ICP & AAS Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/icp-and-aas-standards) - [Inorganic Elemental Impurity Mix Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/inorganic-elemental-impurity-mix-standards) - [Ion Chromatography Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/ion-chromatography-standards) - [Karl Fischer Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/karl-fischer-standards) - [Lipid Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/lipid-standards) - [Matrix Materials Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/matrix-materials-standards) - [Microbiology Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/microbiology-standards) - [Organic Pollutant Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/organic-pollutant-standards) - [Pesticide Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/pesticide-standards) - [Petrochemical Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/petrochemical-standards) - [Pharma Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/pharma-secondary-standards) - [Pharmaceuticals, Illicit Drugs & Diagnostic Biomarkers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/pharmaceuticals-illicit-drugs-and-diagnostic-biomarkers) - [Pharmacopeia & Metrological Institutes Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/pharmacopeia-and-metrological-institutes-standards) - [Physical & Chemical Properties Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/physical-property-standards) - [Phytochemical Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/phytochemical-standards) - [Vitamin Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/vitamin-standards) - [Cell Culture & Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/3d-cell-culture) - [Hydrogels](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/3d-cell-culture/hydrogels) - [Organoids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/3d-cell-culture/organoids) - [Scaffolds](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/3d-cell-culture/scaffolds) - [Animal Component Free Cell Culture Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/animal-component-free-cell-culture-reagents) - [Cell Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-analysis) - [Cell Counting Equipment](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-counting-equipment) - [Cell Health Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-health-analysis) - [Cell Imaging Instruments](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-imaging-instruments) - [Cell Isolation Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-isolation-kits) - [Cell Migration & Invasion Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-migration-and-invasion-assays) - [Live Cell Imaging Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-analysis/live-cell-imaging-reagents) - [Cell Culture Media & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-media-and-buffers) - [Bioprocessing Cell Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/bioprocessing-cell-culture-media) - [Bioprocessing Liquid Cell Culture Media & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/liquid-cell-culture-media-buffers) - [Classical Media & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-media-and-buffers/classical-media-and-buffers) - [Custom GMP Cell Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-gmp-cell-culture-products) - [Plant Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-media-and-buffers/plant-culture-media) - [Cell Culture Supplements & Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents) - [Albumins & Transport Proteins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/albumins-and-transport-proteins) - [Amino Acids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/amino-acids) - [Antibiotics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/antibiotics) - [Attachment Factors](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/attachment-factors) - [Bioprocessing Recombinant Supplements](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/recombinant-supplements) - [Carbohydrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/carbohydrates) - [Cell Dissociation Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/cell-dissociation-reagents) - [Cell Freezing Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/cell-freezing-reagents) - [FBS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/fbs) - [Growth Factors & Cytokines](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/growth-factors-and-cytokines) - [Hormones](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/hormones) - [Human Serum](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/human-serum) - [(Other) Sera](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/other-sera) - [Plant Culture Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/plant-culture-reagents) - [Sera](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/sera) - [Supplements for Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/supplements) - [Vitamins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/vitamins) - [Cell Lines & Specialty Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-lines-and-specialty-cell-culture) - [Bioprocessing Cell Lines](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/bioprocessing-cell-lines) - [Mammalian Cell Lines](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-lines-and-specialty-cell-culture/mammalian-cell-lines) - [Mouse Embryo Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-lines-and-specialty-cell-culture/mouse-embryo-media) - [Primary Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-lines-and-specialty-cell-culture/primary-cells) - [Stem Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-lines-and-specialty-cell-culture/stem-cells) - [Sterile Lab Media Filtration & Cultureware](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware) - [Cell Culture Supplies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/cell-culture-and-cryogenics/cell-culture-supplies) - [Millex^® Syringe Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-syringe-filters/millex-syringe-filters) - [Millicell^® Cell Culture Inserts & Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/cell-culture-and-cryogenics/millicell-cell-culture-inserts-and-plates) - [Millipore^® Sterile Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/millipore-sterile-filters) - [MultiScreen^® Filter Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/multiscreen-filter-plates) - [Stericup^® Vacuum Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/stericup-vacuum-filtration) - [Chemistry & Biochemicals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals) - [Amino Acids, Resins & Reagents for Peptide Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/amino-acids-resins-and-reagents-for-peptide-synthesis) - [Biochemicals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals) - [Agarose](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/agarose) - [Amino Acids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/amino-acids) - [Antibiotics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/antibiotics) - [Avanti Research™, A Croda Brand](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/avanti-research) - [Biological Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/biological-buffers) - [Carbohydrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/carbohydrates) - [Chelating & Reducing Agents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/chelating-reducing-agents) - [Coenzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/coenzymes) - [Detergents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/detergents) - [Lipids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/lipids) - [Glycoconjugates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/glycoconjugates) - [High-Purity Biochemicals & Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/high-purity-biochemicals-and-reagents) - [Metabolism Assay Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/metabolism-assay-kits) - [Metabolite Libraries](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/metabolite-libraries) - [Natural Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/natural-products) - [Nucleosides & Nucleotides](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/nucleosides-and-nucleotides) - [Vitamins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/vitamins) - [Building Blocks](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/building-blocks) - [Fluorinated Building Blocks](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/building-blocks/fluorinated-building-blocks) - [Halogenated Heterocycles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/building-blocks/halogenated-heterocycles) - [Heterocyclic Building Blocks](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/building-blocks/heterocyclic-building-blocks) - [Organic Building Blocks](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/building-blocks/organic-building-blocks) - [Catalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts) - [Buchwald Catalysts & Ligands](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/buchwald-catalysts-and-ligands) - [C-H Activation Catalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/c-h-activation-catalysts) - [Chiral Catalysts & Ligands](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/chiral-catalysts-and-ligands) - [Cross-Coupling Catalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/cross-coupling-catalysts) - [Hydrogenation Catalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/hydrogenation-catalysts) - [Inorganic Catalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/inorganic-catalysts) - [NHC Ligands & Complexes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/nhc-ligands-and-complexes) - [Olefin Metathesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/olefin-metathesis) - [Organocatalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/organocatalysts) - [Phase-Transfer Catalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/phase-transfer-catalysts) - [Phosphine Ligands](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/phosphine-ligands) - [Photocatalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/photocatalysts) - [Transition Metal Catalysts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/catalysts/transition-metal-catalysts) - [Chemical Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-biology) - [Carbohydrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/carbohydrates) - [Chemical Biology Tools](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-biology/chemical-biology-tools) - [Click Chemistry Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-biology/click-chemistry-reagents) - [Crosslinkers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-biology/crosslinkers) - [Protein Degrader Building Blocks](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-biology/protein-degrader-building-blocks) - [Chemical Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis) - [Boronic Acids & Derivatives](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/boronic-acids-and-derivatives) - [C-C Bond Forming Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/c-c-bond-forming-reagents) - [Chiral Auxiliaries](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/chiral-auxiliaries) - [Coupling Reagents & Nucleosides](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/coupling-reagents-and-nucleosides) - [Grignard Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/grignard-reagents) - [Halogenation Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/halogenation-reagents) - [Organoaluminum Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/organoaluminum-reagents) - [Organolithium Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/organolithium-reagents) - [Organosilicon Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/organosilicon-reagents) - [Organotin Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/organotin-reagents) - [Organozinc Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/organozinc-reagents) - [Oxidation Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/oxidation-reagents) - [Protection/Deprotection Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/protection-deprotection-reagents) - [Reducing Agents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/chemical-synthesis/reducing-agents) - [Flavors & Fragrances](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/flavors-and-fragrances) - [Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation) - [Biomolecule Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/biomolecule-formulation) - [Granulated Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/granulated-materials) - [Liquid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/liquid-formulation) - [Protein Stabilizers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/protein-stabilizers) - [Semisolid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/semisolid-formulation) - [Solid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/solid-formulation) - [Lab Chemicals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals) - [Absorbents & Adsorbents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/absorbents-and-adsorbents) - [Acids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/acids) - [Caustic Alkalis & Bases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/caustic-alkalis-and-bases) - [Drying Agents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/drying-agents) - [Filter Aids & Filter Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/filter-aids-filter-media) - [Indicators](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-reagents/indicators) - [Metals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/metals) - [Salts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-chemicals/salts) - [Solvents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-chromatography/solvents) - [Lab Safety](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety) - [Labware Detergents & Cleaners](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/cleaning-detergents) - [Safe Handling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/safe-handling) - [Safety Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/safety-accessories) - [Spillage Absorption](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/lab-safety/spillage-absorption) - [Stable Isotopes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/stable-isotopes) - [Synthesis Enabling Tools](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/synthesis-enabling-tools) - [Automated Chemical Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/synthesis-enabling-tools/automated-chemical-synthesis) - [High Throughput Screening](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/synthesis-enabling-tools/high-throughput-screening-platform) - [Photoreactors](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/synthesis-enabling-tools/photoreactors) - [Electrosynthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/synthesis-enabling-tools/electrosynthesis-platform) - [Clinical & Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics) - [Blood Typing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/blood-typing) - [Blood Typing Finished Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/blood-typing/blood-typing-finished-reagents) - [Blood Typing Intermediates For Further Manufacturing Use (FFMU)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/blood-typing/blood-typing-intermediates) - [Cell Marque™](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/cell-marque) - [Cell Marque™ Control Slides](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/cell-marque/cell-marque-control-slides) - [Cell Marque™ Detection Systems & Ancillary Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/cell-marque/cell-marque-detection-systems-and-ancillary-reagents) - [Cell Marque™ Primary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/cell-marque/cell-marque-ihc-antibodies) - [Lateral Flow Membranes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/lateral-flow-membranes) - [ProClin™ Preservatives](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/proclin-preservatives) - [Tissue Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics) - [Bacteriology Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics/bacteriology-stains) - [Cell Separation Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics/cell-separation-media) - [Cytology Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics/cytology-stains) - [Dry Dyes & Certified Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics/dry-dyes-and-certified-stains) - [Hematology Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics/hematology-stains) - [Histology Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics/histology-stains) - [Tissue Diagnostics Universal Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/clinical-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics/tissue-diagnostics-universal-reagents) - [Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration) - [Concentration Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/concentration-filters) - [Amicon^® Centrifugals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/amicon-centrifugals) - [Centrifugal Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/concentration-filters/centrifugal-filters) - [Filter Paper](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/filter-paper) - [Filtration for Bioprocessing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/filtration-for-bioprocessing) - [Buffer Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/buffer-filtration) - [Clarification Filter Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/clarification-harvest/clarification-filter-holders-and-systems-for-bioprocessing) - [Filter Housings](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/filter-housings) - [Final Sterile Filtration & Filling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/final-sterile-filtration-and-filling) - [Gas & Vent Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/gas-and-vent-filters) - [Integrity Testers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/integrity-testers) - [Media Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/media-filtration) - [Prefilters & Bioburden Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/prefilters-and-bioburden-control) - [Sterile Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/sterile-filters) - [Virus Filter Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-filter-holders-and-systems) - [Virus Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-filters) - [Laboratory Filter Holders](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-holders) - [Laboratory Filter Membranes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-membranes) - [Filter Membranes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-membranes/filter-membranes) - [Millipore^® Filter Membranes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-membranes/millipore-filter-membranes) - [Laboratory Syringe Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-syringe-filters) - [Syringe Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-syringe-filters/syringe-filters) - [Millex^® Syringe Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-syringe-filters/millex-syringe-filters) - [MultiScreen^® Filter Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/multiscreen-filter-plates) - [Sterile Laboratory Filter Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/sterile-laboratory-filter-devices) - [Millipore^® Sterile Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/millipore-sterile-filters) - [Stericup^® Vacuum Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/stericup-vacuum-filtration) - [Vacuum Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/vacuum-filters) - [Greener Alternative Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/greener-alternative-products) - [Industrial Microbiology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology) - [Environmental Monitoring & Aseptic Process Simulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/viable-air-samplers) - [Hygiene Monitoring](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/hygiene-monitoring-instruments-samplers-tests-and-accessories) - [Microbial Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/microbial-culture-media) - [Microbial Culture Media Raw Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/microbial-culture-media-raw-materials) - [Microbial Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/microbial-filtration) - [Microbial Identification Tests & Biochemical Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/microbial-identification-tests) - [Microbiology Standards](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/analytical-chemistry/reference-materials/microbiology-standards) - [Pathogen Screening Kits, Instruments, Disposables](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/pathogen-screening-kits-instuments-and-disposables) - [Pyrogen Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/pyrogen-testing) - [Quality Indicator Testing Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/quality-indicator-testing-devices) - [Sterility Testing Consumables, Media & Instruments](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/industrial-microbiology/sterility-testing-consumables-media-and-filtration) - [Lab Automation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/lab-automation) - [AAW™ Automated Assay Workstation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/lab-automation/aaw-automated-assay-workstation) - [Labware](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware) - [Cell Culture & Cryogenics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/cell-culture-and-cryogenics) - [Cell Culture Supplies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/cell-culture-and-cryogenics/cell-culture-supplies) - [Cryo Storage](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/cryo-storage) - [Millicell^® Cell Culture Inserts & Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/cell-culture-and-cryogenics/millicell-cell-culture-inserts-and-plates) - [Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/filtration) - [Centrifugal Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/concentration-filters/centrifugal-filters) - [Filter Membranes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-membranes/filter-membranes) - [Filter Paper](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/filter-paper) - [Laboratory Filter Holders](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-holders) - [Syringe Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-syringe-filters/syringe-filters) - [Vacuum Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/vacuum-filters) - [Amicon^® Centrifugals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/amicon-centrifugals) - [Millex^® Syringe Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-syringe-filters/millex-syringe-filters) - [Millipore^® Filter Membranes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/filtration/laboratory-filter-membranes/millipore-filter-membranes) - [Millipore^® Sterile Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/millipore-sterile-filters) - [MultiScreen^® Filter Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/multiscreen-filter-plates) - [Stericup^® Vacuum Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/stericup-vacuum-filtration) - [Glassware](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/glassware) - [Lab Equipment](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/laboratory-equipment) - [Balances](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/laboratory-equipment/laboratory-balances) - [Centrifugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/laboratory-equipment/laboratory-centrifugation) - [Grinders & Homogenizers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling/grinders-and-homogenizers) - [Laboratory Stirring & Mixing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling/laboratory-stirring-and-mixing) - [Refrigerators & Freezers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/laboratory-equipment/refrigerators-freezers) - [Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification) - [Labware Partners](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners) - [Benchmark Scientific Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/benchmark-scientific) - [Brand^® Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/brand) - [Corning^® Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/corning) - [Cytiva™ Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/cytiva) - [DWK Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/glassware/dwk) - [Eppendorf^® Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/eppendorf) - [Excel Scientific Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/excel-scientific) - [Heathrow Scientific^® Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/heathrow-scientific) - [LGC Biosearch™ Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/lgc-biosearch) - [OHAUS^® Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/ohaus) - [Pop-Bio Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/labware-partners/pop-bio) - [Roche^® Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/roche-life-science-products) - [Liquid Handling & Dispensing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/liquid-handling-and-dispensing) - [Microscope Slides & Chambers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/microscope-slides-and-chambers) - [PCR Supplies & Equipment](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/pcr-supplies-and-equipment) - [Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/plates) - [Millicell^® Cell Culture Inserts & Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/cell-culture-and-cryogenics/millicell-cell-culture-inserts-and-plates) - [MultiScreen^® Filter Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/sterile-lab-media-filtration-and-cultureware/multiscreen-filter-plates) - [MultiScreen^® Solid Bottom Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/plates/multiscreen-solid-bottom-plates) - [Sample Handling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling) - [Grinders & Homogenizers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling/grinders-and-homogenizers) - [Laboratory Containers & Storage](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling/laboratory-containers-and-storage) - [Laboratory Labels](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling/laboratory-labels) - [Laboratory Sample Collection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling/laboratory-sample-collection) - [Laboratory Stirring & Mixing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sample-handling/laboratory-stirring-and-mixing) - [Sealing Films, Foils, Tapes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/sealing-films-foils-and-tapes) - [Septa](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/septa) - [Materials Science](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science) - [Biomedical Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials) - [3D Bioprinting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/3d-bioprinting) - [Biomedical Polymers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/biomedical-polymers) - [Drug Delivery Formulation Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/drug-delivery-formulation-kits) - [Hydrophilic Polymers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/hydrophilic-polymers) - [Hydrophobic Polymers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/hydrophobic-polymers) - [Polyethylene Glycol (PEGs & PEOs)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/polyethylene-glycol) - [Polymeric Microspheres & Nanoparticles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/polymeric-microspheres-and-nanoparticles) - [Polymerization Tools](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/biomedical-materials/polymerization-tools) - [Electronic Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials) - [Carbon Nanomaterials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/carbon-nanomaterials) - [Electronic Chemicals & Etchants](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/electronic-chemicals-and-etchants) - [Inorganic & Metallic Nanomaterials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/inorganic-and-metallic-nanomaterials) - [Liquid Crystals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/liquid-crystals) - [OLED & PLED Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/oled-and-pled-materials) - [OFET & OPV Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/ofet-and-opv-materials) - [Photonic & Optical Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/photonic-and-optical-materials) - [Printed Electronic Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/printed-electronic-materials) - [Self-assembly & Contact Printing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/self-assembly-and-contact-printing) - [Silicone Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/silicone-materials) - [Specialty & Smart Polymers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/specialty-and-smart-polymers) - [Substrates & Prefab Electronic Components](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/electronic-materials/substrates-and-prefab-electronic-components) - [Energy Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials) - [Battery Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/battery-materials) - [Chalcogenides](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/chalcogenides) - [Fuel Cell Membranes & Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/fuel-cell-membranes-and-materials) - [High-Purity Metals & Alloys](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/high-purity-metals-and-alloys) - [High-Purity Salts](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/high-purity-salts) - [Oxides & Ceramics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/oxides-and-ceramics) - [Quantum Dots](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/quantum-dots) - [Solar Energy Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/solar-energy-materials) - [Solution & Vapor Deposition Precursors](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/materials-science/energy-materials/solution-and-vapor-deposition-precursors) - [Molecular Biology & Functional Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics) - [Cloning & Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/cloning-and-expression) - [Molecular Cloning & Protein Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/cloning-and-expression/molecular-cloning-and-protein-expression) - [Transfection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/cloning-and-expression/transfection) - [Epigenetics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/epigenetics) - [Gene Editing & Functional Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/gene-editing-and-functional-genomics) - [CRISPR & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/gene-editing-and-functional-genomics/crispr-gene-editing) - [Genetic Screening](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/gene-editing-and-functional-genomics/genetic-screening) - [RNAi Libraries](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/gene-editing-and-functional-genomics/rnai-libraries) - [RNAi Single Clones](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/gene-editing-and-functional-genomics/rnai-single-clones) - [Microbiome](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/microbiome) - [NGS Library Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/ngs-library-prep) - [Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis & Hybridization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-electrophoresis-and-hybridization) - [Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis, Transfer & Quantitation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-electrophoresis-and-hybridization/nucleic-acid-electrophoresis-transfer-and-quantitation) - [Nucleic Acid Labeling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-electrophoresis-and-hybridization/nucleic-acid-labeling) - [Nucleic Acid Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-purification) - [gDNA Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-purification/gdna-purification) - [Plasmid DNA Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-purification/plasmid-dna-purification) - [Reaction Clean-Up](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-purification/reaction-clean-up) - [RNA Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/nucleic-acid-purification/rna-purification) - [Oligos, qPCR Probes & Peptides](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/oligos-and-qpcr-probes) - [Custom & Predesigned DNA Oligos and qPCR Probes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/oligos-and-qpcr-probes/custom-predesigned-dna-oligos-and-qpcr-probes) - [Custom & Predesigned RNA Oligos, siRNA Duplexes and Controls](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/oligos-and-qpcr-probes/custom-predesigned-rna-oligos-sirna-duplexes-controls) - [Custom Peptides](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/oligos-and-qpcr-probes/custom-peptides) - [PCR & Amplification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/pcr-and-amplification) - [Kapa Biosystems PCR Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/pcr-and-amplification/kapa-biosystems-pcr-reagents) - [PCR Reagent & Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/pcr-and-amplification/pcr-reagents-and-kits) - [PCR Supplies & Equipment](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/labware/pcr-supplies-and-equipment) - [Whole Genome Amplification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/pcr-and-amplification/whole-genome-amplification) - [Roche^® Life Science Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/roche-life-science-products) - [mAbs Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies) - [Antibody Drug Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery) - [Lead Selection & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/lead-discovery) - [Preclinical Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/preclinical-development) - [Target Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/target-discovery) - [Characterization & Quality Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control) - [Aggregate Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/aggregate-analysis) - [Intact Mass Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/intact-mass-analysis) - [Peptide Mapping](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/peptide-mapping) - [Post-Translational Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/post-translational-modification-analysis) - [Titer Determination](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/titer-determination) - [Process Development, Manufacturing, Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing) - [Downstream Processing (DSP)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/downstream-processing-mabs) - [Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/formulation-final-fill-mabs) - [Upstream Processing (USP)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/upstream-processing-mabs) - [mRNA Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing) - [mRNA Analytical & Quality Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-analytical-quality-control) - [mRNA Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-development) - [mRNA Manufacturing & Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-manufacturing-formulation) - [mRNA Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-research) - [Pharma & Biopharma Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing) - [Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/active-pharmaceutical-ingredients) - [API Processing Chemicals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/active-pharmaceutical-ingredients/api-processing-chemicals) - [Folates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/active-pharmaceutical-ingredients/folates) - [Portfolio APIs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/active-pharmaceutical-ingredients/portfolio-apis) - [Bioprocessing & Formulation Raw Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials) - [Bioprocessing Liquid Cell Culture Media & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/liquid-cell-culture-media-buffers) - [Buffers & pH Adjusters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/buffers-and-ph-adjusters) - [Cleaning in Place](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/cleaning-in-place) - [Detergents for Biopharma Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/detergents) - [Downstream Process & Formulation Chemicals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/downstream-process-formulation-chemicals) - [Endonuclease](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/endonuclease) - [High-Quality Chemicals for mRNA Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/high-quality-chemicals-for-mrna-manufacturing) - [Upstream Process Chemicals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/upstream-process-chemicals) - [Bioprocessing Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture) - [Bioprocessing Cell Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/bioprocessing-cell-culture-media) - [Bioprocessing Cell Lines](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/bioprocessing-cell-lines) - [Bioprocessing Liquid Cell Culture Media & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-formulation-raw-materials/liquid-cell-culture-media-buffers) - [Bioprocessing Recombinant Supplements](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/recombinant-supplements) - [Bulk Powder Transfer Bags](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/bulk-powder-transfer-bags) - [Cell Retention](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/cell-retention) - [Custom GMP Cell Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-gmp-cell-culture-products) - [Media Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/media-filtration) - [Viral Vector Upstream Platforms](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-cell-culture/viral-vector-upstream-platforms) - [Bioprocessing Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/bioprocessing-systems) - [Chromatography Columns for Bioprocessing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/chromatography-columns) - [Chromatography Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/chromatography-systems) - [Clarification Filter Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/clarification-harvest/clarification-filter-holders-and-systems-for-bioprocessing) - [Integrity Testers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/integrity-testers) - [Single-Use Mixers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/single-use-mixers) - [Stainless Steel Connectors, Valves & Mixers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/fluid-management/stainless-steel-connectors-valves-mixers) - [Tangential Flow Filtration Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration/tangential-flow-holders-systems) - [Virus Filter Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-filter-holders-and-systems) - [Buffer & Media Prep](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep) - [Buffers & pH Adjusters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/buffers-and-ph-adjusters) - [Buffer Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/buffer-filtration) - [Media Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/media-filtration) - [Single-Use Mixers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/single-use-mixers) - [Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing) - [Affinity Chromatography Resins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/affinity-resins) - [Chromatography Columns for Bioprocessing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/chromatography-columns) - [Chromatography Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/chromatography-systems) - [Ion Exchange Chromatography Resins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/ion-exchange-chromatography) - [Membrane Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/membrane-chromatography) - [Reverse Phase/Normal Phase Chromatography Resins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/reverse-normal-phase-chromatography) - [Size Exclusion Chromatography Resins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/chromatography-bioprocessing/size-exclusion-chromatography) - [Clarification & Harvest](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/clarification-harvest) - [Clarification Depth Filters & Pretreatment Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/clarification-harvest/clarification-depth-filters-pretreatment-solutions) - [Clarification Filter Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/clarification-harvest/clarification-filter-holders-and-systems-for-bioprocessing) - [Clarification Prefilters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/clarification-harvest/clarification-prefilters) - [Fluid Management](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/fluid-management) - [Connection/Disconnection for Bioprocessing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/fluid-management/connection-disconnection-for-bioprocessing) - [Fluid Transport & Storage](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/fluid-management/fluid-transport-and-storage) - [Single-Use Assemblies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/fluid-management/single-use-assemblies) - [Single-Use Mixers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/single-use-mixers) - [Stainless Steel Connectors, Valves & Mixers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/fluid-management/stainless-steel-connectors-valves-mixers) - [Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation) - [Activated & Functionalized PEGs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/activated-functionalized-pegs) - [Biomolecule Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/biomolecule-formulation) - [Granulated Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/granulated-materials) - [Injectables & Parenteral Formulations](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/injectables-parenteral-formulations) - [Liquid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/liquid-formulation) - [Protein Stabilizers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/protein-stabilizers) - [Semisolid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/semisolid-formulation) - [Solid Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/solid-formulation) - [Synthetic Lipids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/synthetic-lipids) - [Viscosity Reduction Platform](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/formulation/viscosity-reduction-platform) - [Sterile & Aseptic Sampling Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling) - [Sterile Process Sampling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling/manual-sterile-sampling) - [Sampling with MAST^® Autosampling Solution](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-and-aseptic-sampling/automated-aseptic-sampling) - [Sterile Filtration & Bioburden Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control) - [Buffer Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/buffer-filtration) - [Filter Housings](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/filter-housings) - [Final Sterile Filtration & Filling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/final-sterile-filtration-and-filling) - [Gas & Vent Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/gas-and-vent-filters) - [Integrity Testers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/integrity-testers) - [Media Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/buffer-media-prep/media-filtration) - [Prefilters & Bioburden Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/prefilters-and-bioburden-control) - [Sterile Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/sterile-filters) - [Ultrafiltration & Diafiltration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration) - [Tangential Flow Filtration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration/filtration-devices) - [Tangential Flow Filtration Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/ultrafiltration-diafiltration/tangential-flow-holders-systems) - [Viral Clearance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance) - [Integrity Testers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-and-bioburden-control/integrity-testers) - [Virus Filter Holders & Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-filter-holders-and-systems) - [Virus Filters](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-filters) - [Virus Inactivation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/pharma-and-biopharma-manufacturing/viral-clearance/virus-inactivation) - [Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology) - [Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies) - [Enhanced Validation Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/enhanced-validation-ab) - [Flow Cytometry Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/flow-cytometry-antibodies) - [Prestige Antibodies^®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/prestige-antibodies) - [Primary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/primary-antibodies) - [Secondary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/secondary-antibodies) - [Small Pack Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/small-pack-antibodies) - [ZooMAb^® Recombinant Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/zoomab-antibodies) - [Bioactive Small Molecules](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules) - [Structural Genomics Consortium](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules/structural-genomics-consortium) - [Duolink^® PLA - Protein Interaction Technology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/duolink-proximity-ligation-assay) - [Immunoassay Platform Solutions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions) - [ELISA Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/elisa-kits) - [MILLIPLEX^® Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/milliplex-multiplex-assays-for-luminex-technology) - [SMC^™ Technology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/immunoassay-platform-solutions/single-molecule-counting-technology) - [Protein Electrophoresis & Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting) - [Electrophoresis & Transfer Equipment](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/electrophoresis-and-transfer-equipment) - [Transfer Membranes & Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-membranes-and-kits) - [Immunodetection Reagents & Substrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/immunodetection-reagents-and-substrates) - [Membrane Immunodetection Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/membrane-immunodetection-devices) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gels & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gels-and-buffers) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gel Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gel-stains) - [Protein Markers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-markers) - [Transfer Buffers & Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-buffers-and-reagents) - [Proteins & Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes) - [Albumins & Transport Proteins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/cell-culture-and-analysis/cell-culture-supplements-and-reagents/albumins-and-transport-proteins) - [Coenzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/chemistry-and-biochemicals/biochemicals/coenzymes) - [Detection Substrates & Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/detection-substrates-and-enzymes) - [Drug Analysis Enzymes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/drug-analysis-enzymes) - [Glycobiology Profiling Tools](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/glycosidases) - [Nucleases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/nucleases) - [Proteases](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/proteases) - [Tissue Dissociation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/proteins-and-enzymes/tissue-dissociation) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Protein Purification Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-purification-chromatography) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG^® Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Recombinant/Fusion Tag Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/recombinant-fusion-tag-protein-purification) - [Protein Sample Prep](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep) - [Amicon^® Centrifugals](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/amicon-centrifugals) - [Antibody Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/antibody-protein-purification) - [Biotinylated Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/biotinylated-protein-purification) - [FLAG^® Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/flag-purification) - [Inhibitor Cocktails](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/inhibitor-cocktails) - [Laboratory Concentration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-concentration-devices) - [Laboratory Dialysis & Diafiltration Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/laboratory-dialysis-and-diafiltration-devices) - [Recombinant/Fusion Tag Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/recombinant-fusion-tag-protein-purification) - [Subcellular Fractionation Reagents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/subcellular-fractionation-reagents) - [Whole Cell Lysis Reagents & Enhancers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/protein-biology/protein-sample-prep/whole-cell-lysis-reagents-and-enhancers) - [Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification) - [Milli-Q^® Benchtop Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-benchtop-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® High-Flow Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-high-flow-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® Clinical Water Purification Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-clinical-water-purification-systems) - [Milli-Q^® Consumables](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-consumables) - [Milli-Q^® Accessories](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/water-purification/milli-q-accessories) - Applications - [Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry) - [Atomic Spectroscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy) - [Calibration, Qualification, Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/calibration-qualification-and-validation) - [Gas Chromatography (GC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/gas-chromatography) - [Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography) - [Large Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/large-molecule-hplc) - [Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/low-pressure-liquid-chromatography) - [Small Molecule HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/liquid-chromatography/small-molecule-hplc) - [Mass Spectrometry (MS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/mass-spectrometry) - [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/nuclear-magnetic-resonance) - [Photometry & Reflectometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/photometry-and-reflectometry) - [Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation) - [Sample Filtration](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/filtration) - [Sample Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/purification) - [QuEChERS Sample Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/quechers) - [Solid Phase Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-extraction) - [Solid Phase Microextraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-microextraction) - [Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/thin-layer-chromatography) - [Titration & Karl Fischer](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/titration-and-karl-fischer) - [Water for Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification/water-analytical-chemistry) - [Wet Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/wet-chemical-analysis) - [Cell Culture & Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis) - [Cell Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis) - [Cell-based Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-based-assays) - [Cell Counting & Health analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/cell-counting-and-health-analysis) - [Imaging Analysis & Live Cell Imaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-analysis/imaging-analysis-and-live-cell-imaging) - [Cell Culture by Cell Type](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type) - [Mammalian Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/mammalian-cell-culture) - [Microbial Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/microbial-cell-culture) - [Plant Tissue Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/plant-tissue-culture) - [Primary Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/primary-cell-culture) - [Stem Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/stem-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture by Technique](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/3d-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-culture-media-preparation) - [Cell Growth & Maintenance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-growth-and-maintenance) - [Transfection & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/transfection-and-gene-editing) - [Cell Culture for Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-for-manufacturing) - [Cell Culture Troubleshooting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-troubleshooting) - [Chemistry & Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/adc-and-bioconjugation) - [Lead Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/lead-discovery) - [Peptide Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/peptide-synthesis) - [Protein Degradation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/protein-degradation) - [Reaction Design & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/reaction-design-and-optimization) - [Synthetic Methods](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods) - [C-H Functionalization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/ch-functionalization) - [Cross Coupling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/cross-coupling) - [Fluorination](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/fluorination) - [Metathesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/metathesis) - [Organic Reaction Toolbox](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/organic-reaction-toolbox) - [Photocatalysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/photocatalysis) - [Clinical & Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing) - [Bacteriology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/bacteriology) - [Blood Typing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/blood-typing) - [Clinical & Forensics Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/clinical-and-forensic-testing) - [Cytology & Cytodiagnosis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/cytology-and-microscopy) - [Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/diagnostic-immunohistochemistry) - [Hematology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/hematology) - [Histology/Histopathology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/histology) - [IVD Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/ivd-manufacturing) - [Water for Clinical Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification/water-clinical-diagnostics) - [Environmental & Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene) - [Air Sampling & Monitoring](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/air-testing) - [Cannabis Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing) - [Cannabinoids & Potency](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/cannabinoid-profiling-potency-testing) - [Pesticides & Mycotoxins](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/pesticides-mycotoxins-in-cannabis) - [Terpenes](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/terpenes-cannabis) - [Drinking Water Testing​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/drinking-water-testing) - [Soil, Solid Waste, & Groundwater Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/soil-solid-waste-groundwater-testing) - [Waste Water & Process Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/waste-water-and-process-water-testing) - [Food & Beverage Testing & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing) - [Chemical Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/chemical-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Flavor & Fragrance Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/flavor-and-fragrance-formulation) - [Microbiological Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/microbiological-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Regulatory Compliance​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/regulatory-compliance-for-food-and-beverage) - [Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics) - [Advanced Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/advanced-gene-editing) - [Cloning & Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/cloning-and-expression) - [DNA & RNA Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification) - [Epigenetics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/epigenetics) - [Functional Genomics Screening](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/functional-genomics-screening) - [Gene Expression & Silencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/gene-expression-and-silencing) - [Next Gen Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/next-gen-sequencing) - [Nucleic Acid Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/nucleic-acid-gel-electrophoresis) - [Nucleic Acid Labeling & Detection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/nucleic-acid-labeling-and-detection) - [PCR](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/pcr) - [qPCR](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/qpcr) - [Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/genomics/sequencing) - [Materials Science & Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering) - [3D Bioprinting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/3d-bioprinting) - [3D Printing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/3d-printing) - [Batteries, Supercapacitors, Fuel Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/batteries-supercapacitors-and-fuel-cells) - [Bioelectronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/bioelectronics) - [Biosensors & Bioimaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/biosensors-and-bioimaging) - [Chemical Vapor Deposition](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/chemical-vapor-deposition) - [Contact Lens & Dental Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/contact-lens-and-dental-manufacturing) - [Drug Delivery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/drug-delivery) - [Electron Microscopy](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/electron-microscopy) - [Microelectronics & Nanoelectronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/microelectronics-and-nanoelectronics) - [Nanoparticle & Microparticle Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/nanoparticle-and-microparticle-synthesis) - [Organic Electronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/organic-electronics) - [Photovoltaics & Solar Cells](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells) - [Polymer Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/polymer-synthesis) - [Solid State Synthesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/solid-state-synthesis) - [Tissue Engineering](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering) - [Microbiological Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing) - [Bioburden Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/bioburden-testing) - [Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-culture-media-preparation) - [Media Fill (APS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/media-fills) - [Microbial Water Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-water-testing) - [Mycoplasma Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/mycoplasma-testing) - [Pathogen & Spoilage Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/pathogen-and-spoilage-testing) - [Pyrogen Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/pyrogen-testing) - [Sterility Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/sterility-testing) - [Surface & Personnel Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/surface-and-personnel-testing) - [Viable Air Monitoring](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/microbiological-testing/viable-air-monitoring) - [mAbs Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies) - [Antibody Drug Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery) - [Lead Selection & Optimization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/lead-discovery) - [Preclinical Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/preclinical-development) - [Target Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/target-discovery) - [Characterization & Quality Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control) - [Aggregate Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/aggregate-analysis) - [Intact Mass Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/intact-mass-analysis) - [Peptide Mapping](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/peptide-mapping) - [Post-Translational Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/post-translational-modification-analysis) - [Titer Determination](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control/titer-determination) - [Process Development, Manufacturing, Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing) - [Downstream Processing (DSP)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/downstream-processing-mabs) - [Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/formulation-final-fill-mabs) - [Upstream Processing (USP)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/process-development-manufacturing/upstream-processing-mabs) - [mRNA Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing) - [mRNA Analytical & Quality Control](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-analytical-quality-control) - [mRNA Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-development) - [mRNA Manufacturing & Formulation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-manufacturing-formulation) - [mRNA Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/mrna-development-manufacturing/mrna-research) - [Pharma & Biopharma Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing) - [Antibody Drug Conjugate Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/adc-manufacturing) - [Conjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/adc-manufacturing/conjugation) - [Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/adc-manufacturing/antibody-drug-conjugate-manufacturing-purification) - [Biopharma 4.0](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0) - [Bioprocessing Automation & Control Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/bioprocessing-automation-control-software) - [Bioprocessing Data Analytics Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/bioprocessing-data-analytics-software) - [Closed Processing for Biomanufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/closed-processing-for-biomanufacturing) - [Intensified & Continuous Upstream (USP) Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/intensified-upstream-processing) - [Intensified & Continuous Downstream (DSP) Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/intensified-continuous-downstream-processing) - [Process Analytical Technology (PAT)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/process-analytical-technology) - [Biotech Resource Hub](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub) - [Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/discovery) - [Pre-clinical](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/pre-clinical) - [Phase I-II](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-i-ii) - [Phase III and Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-iii-and-manufacturing) - [Regulatory](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/regulatory) - [Startup Programs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/startup-programs) - [Blood Plasma Fractionation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/plasma-manufacturing) - [Cell Therapy Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/cell-therapy-manufacturing) - [Classical Pharma Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing) - [Final Fill Strategies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing/final-fill-strategies) - [Liquid Formulation Strategies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing/liquid-formulation-strategies) - [Solid Formulation Strategies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing/solid-formulation-strategies) - [Sterile Filtration Strategies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-strategies) - [Gene Therapy Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Upstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-upstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Downstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-downstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-formulation-and-final-fill) - [Viral Vector Characterization & Biosafety Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-characterization-and-biosafety-testing) - [Viral Vector Contract Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-contract-development-and-manufacturing) - [Pharma Analysis & QC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control) - [Biologics & Biosimilars Characterization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control/biologics-biosimilars-characterization) - [Compendial Testing & Regulatory Guidance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control/compendial-testing-regulatory-guidance) - [Small Molecules Analysis & Quality Control (QC)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/pharmaceutical-analysis-quality-control/small-molecules-analysis-quality-control) - [Sterile & Aseptic Sampling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/sampling) - [Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing) - [Cell-Based Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/cell-based-vaccine-manufacturing) - [mRNA Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/mrna-vaccines-process-manufacturing) - [pDNA Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/plasmid-dna-vaccines-manufacturing) - [Protein Subunit Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/protein-subunit-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Viral-like Particles Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-like-particles-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-vector-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology) - [ELISA](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/elisa) - [Enzyme Activity Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/enzyme-activity-assays) - [Flow Cytometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/flow-cytometry) - [Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/gel-electrophoresis) - [Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/immunohistochemistry) - [Interrogation of Protein Pathways](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/interrogation-protein-pathways) - [Lysis & Protein Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/lysis-and-protein-extraction) - [Protein & Nucleic Acid Interactions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-and-nucleic-acid-interactions) - [Protein Concentration & Buffer Exchange](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-concentration-and-buffer-exchange) - [Protein Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-expression) - [Protein Labeling & Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-labeling-and-modification) - [Protein Pulldown](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-pulldown) - [Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-purification) - [Protein Quantitation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-quantitation) - [Protein Structural Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-structural-analysis) - [Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/western-blotting) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Research & Disease Areas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas) - [Cancer Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cancer-research) - [Cell & Developmental Biology Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-and-developmental-biology-research) - [Cell Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-signaling) - [Glycobiology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas/glycobiology) - [Metabolomics Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas/metabolomics-research) - [Neuroscience Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas/neuroscience-research) - [Pharmacology & Drug Discovery Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/research-disease-areas/pharmacology-and-drug-discovery-research) - [Water Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification) - [Water for Analytical Chemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification/water-analytical-chemistry) - [Water for Cell & Molecular Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification/water-cell-molecular-biology) - [Water for Clinical Diagnostics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification/water-clinical-diagnostics) - [Understanding Lab Water](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/applications/water-purification/understanding-lab-water) - Services - [Contract Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/adc-bioconjugation) - [Diagnostic OEM & CMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/diagnostic-oem-cmo) - [mRNA & LNP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services) - [Lipids CDMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipids-cdmo-services) - [Lipid Nanoparticle CDMO Service](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipid-nanoparticle-cdmo-services) - [Small Molecule](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/small-molecule) - [Activated Polyethylene Glycol (PEGs)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/peg) - [APIs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/complex-apis) - [Highly Potent APIs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/high-potent-apis) - [Viral Vector](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/viral-vector-manufacturing) - [AAV Production](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/viral-vector-manufacturing/aav-production) - [Gene Therapy Process Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/viral-vector-manufacturing/gene-therapy-process-development) - [Lentiviral Vectors](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-manufacturing/viral-vector-manufacturing/lentiviral-vectors) - [Contract Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing) - [Analytical Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/analytical-development-product-characterization) - [ADC Product Characterization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/analytical-development-product-characterization/adc-characterization) - [Analytical Development and Characterization for Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/analytical-development-product-characterization/analytical-development-characterization-adeno-associated-virus) - [mAb Product Characterization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/analytical-development-product-characterization/mab-characterization) - [mRNA Analytical Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/analytical-development-product-characterization/mrna-analytical-development) - [Bulk Harvest Release Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/bulk-harvest-release-testing) - [Cell & Gene Therapy Bulk Harvest Release Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/bulk-harvest-release-testing/cell-gene-therapy) - [mAbs Bulk Harvest Release Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/bulk-harvest-release-testing/mabs-bulk) - [Vaccine Harvest Release Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/bulk-harvest-release-testing/vaccine) - [Cell & Virus Bank Manufacturing & Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/cell-viral-bank-testing) - [Biorepository & Storage](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/cell-viral-bank-testing/storage) - [Cell Bank Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/cell-viral-bank-testing/cell-bank-manufacturing) - [Cell Line Characterization](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/cell-viral-bank-testing/cell-line-characterization) - [Genetic Stability Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/cell-viral-bank-testing/genetic-stability-testing) - [Virus Bank Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/cell-viral-bank-testing/virus-bank-manufacturing) - [Final Product Release Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/final-product-release-testing) - [Cell & Gene Therapy Final Product Release Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/final-product-release-testing/cell-gene-therapy) - [mAbs Final Product Release Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/final-product-release-testing/mabs-product-release-testing) - [Rapid Molecular Detection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/rapid-molecular-detection) - [Blazar™ Rapid Molecular Detection](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/rapid-molecular-detection/blazar-rapid-molecular-detection) - [Next Generation Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/rapid-molecular-detection/next-generation-sequencing) - [Raw Material Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/raw-material-testing) - [Stability Testing Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/stability-testing-services) - [Viral Clearance Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/viral-clearance-testing) - [Provise^® Clearance Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/viral-clearance-testing/complete-clearance) - [Standard & Hybrid Clearance Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/contract-testing/viral-clearance-testing/standard-clearance) - [Custom Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products) - [Bulk Powder Transfer Bags](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/bulk-powder-transfer-bags) - [CADI: Custom Assay Development & Innovation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-milliplex-multiplex-assays-and-elisas) - [Cell Culture Media Stability & Testing Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/cell-culture-media-stability-and-testing-services) - [Cell Design Studio™ Cell Engineering Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-cell-lines) - [CHOZN^® Cell Line Engineering and Development](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/chozn-cell-line-engineering-and-development) - [Contract ZooMAb^® Antibody Development Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/contract-zoomab-antibody-development-services) - [Critical Raw Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/critical-raw-materials) - [Custom Diagnostic Antibody Development & Manufacturing Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/custom-diagnostic-antibody-development-and-manufacturing-services) - [Custom GC Columns](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/customized-gc-columns) - [Custom GMP Cell Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-gmp-cell-culture-products) - [Custom HPLC Columns](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-hplc-column-request) - [Custom Media Development Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-media-development-services) - [Custom Nucleic Acids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/oligos-and-qpcr-probes) - [Custom SPE Tubes & 96-Well Plates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-spe-tubes-and-96-well-plates) - [Custom SPME Fibers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-spme-fibers) - [Custom Test Strips & Papers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/custom-test-strips-and-papers) - [Diagnostic OEM & CMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/diagnostic-oem-cmo) - [Eshmuno^® Fit Custom Affinity Resin Development Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/eshmuno-fit-custom-affinity-resin-development-services) - [Production-Scale Materials & Custom Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/bulk-and-custom-services) - [Large-Volume Products Supply-Chain](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/bulk-and-custom-services/large-volume-products-supply-chain) - [Scalable Manufacturing & Custom Packaging](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/bulk-and-custom-services/scalable-manufacturing-and-custom-packaging) - [Reference Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/reference-materials) - [Small Molecule Library Design (Aldrich Market Select)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/small-molecule-library-design) - [Stable Isotope Custom & GMP Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/custom-products/stable-isotope-custom-and-gmp-products) - [Digital Solutions for Life Science](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms) - [AIDDISON™ AI-Powered Drug Discovery Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/aiddison-ai-powered-drug-discovery) - [Belysa^® Immunoassay Curve Fitting Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/belysa-immunoassay-curve-fitting-software) - [Bioprocessing Automation and Control Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/bioprocessing-automation-control-software) - [Bioprocessing Data Analytics Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/integrated-offerings/biopharma-4-0/bioprocessing-data-analytics-software) - [Catalexis Catalysts Screening Platform](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/catalexis-catalyst-screening-platform) - [Chemistwin^® Digital Reference Materials](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/digital-reference-materials) - [DEL Extended Digital Service](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/dna-encoded-library-technology-drug-discovery) - [DOZN™ Tool](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/dozn-tool) - [mConfig™ Cell Culture Media and Chemicals Configurator](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/mconfig-cell-culture-media-chemicals-configurator) - [M-Trace^® Electronic Test Record Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/m-trace-electronic-test-record-software) - [Millicell^® Cloud Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/millicell-cloud-services) - [MQuant^® StripScan](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/mquant-stripscan) - [MyMilli-Q^™ Digital Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/mymilli-q-digital-services) - [SYNTHIA^™ Retrosynthesis Software](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/synthia-retrosynthesis-software) - [Val@M™ Application for Validation Activites](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/valatm-validation-platform) - [IVD Development & Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing) - [Custom Diagnostic Antibody Development & Manufacturing Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/custom-diagnostic-antibody-development-and-manufacturing-services) - [Diagnostic OEM & CMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/diagnostic-oem-cmo) - [Lateral Flow Assay Development Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/lateral-flow-services) - [Product Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services) - [Application Services for Solid Dose Formulations](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/application-services-solid-dose-formulations) - [Calibration & Verification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/calibration-and-verification) - [Milli-Q^® Calibration & Verification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/calibration-and-verification/calibration-verification-suitability-testing-of-milli-q-water-pu) - [Microbiology Testing Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/calibration-and-verification/calibration-verification-microbiology) - [Elevate Program](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/elevate-quality-program) - [eMERGE™ Program](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/the-emerge-standard-edata-exchange-platform) - [Emprove^® Program](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/emprove-program) - [Emprove^® Cell Culture Media](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/emprove-program/emprove-cell-culture-media) - [Emprove^® Chemicals Portfolio](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/emprove-program/emprove-chemicals-portfolio) - [Emprove^® Chromatography Portfolio](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/emprove-program/emprove-chromatography-portfolio) - [Emprove^® Filter and Single-Use Component Portfolio](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/emprove-program/emprove-filter-and-single-use-component-portfolio) - [Emprove^® Suite](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/emprove-program/emprove-suite) - [Maintenance & Service Plans](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/maintenance-and-service-plans) - [Microbiology Testing Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/maintenance-and-service-plans/microbiology-maintenance-and-service-plans) - [Milli-Q^® Maintenance & Service Plans](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/maintenance-and-service-plans/milli-q-services-plans-and-maintenance-for-water-purification-sy) - [Spectroquant^® Photometer Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/maintenance-and-service-plans/spectroquant-photometer-services) - [System Service Reliance Plans](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/maintenance-and-service-plans/system-service-reliance-plans) - [Milli-Q^® Services & Support](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/milli-q-services-and-support) - [Maintenance & Service Plans](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/maintenance-and-service-plans/milli-q-services-plans-and-maintenance-for-water-purification-sy) - [Qualification & Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-qualification/pharma-qc-systems-qualification/milli-q-qualification-program) - [Calibration & Verification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/calibration-and-verification/calibration-verification-suitability-testing-of-milli-q-water-pu) - [Additional Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/milli-q-services-and-support/milli-q-additional-services) - [MyMilli-Q™ Digital Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/mymilli-q-digital-services) - [mPredict™ Co-Crystal Prediction Service](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/m-predict-co-crystal-prediction-service) - [Single-Use & Filter Validation Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/single-use-filter-validation) - [Bacterial Retention​ Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/single-use-filter-validation/bacterial-retention) - [Chemical Compatibility​ Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/single-use-filter-validation/chemical-compatibility) - [Extractables & Leachables​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/single-use-filter-validation/extractables-and-leachables) - [Filter Integrity Testing​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/single-use-filter-validation/integrity-testing) - [Validation Service Levels](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/single-use-filter-validation/validation-service-levels) - [Validation Services Consultancy​](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/single-use-filter-validation/validation-services-consultancy) - [Systems & Equipment Installation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-and-equipment-installation) - [Bioprocessing Systems Equipment Installation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-and-equipment-installation/bioprocessing-systems-equipment) - [Bioprocessing System Training & Specialized Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-and-equipment-installation/bioprocessing-systems-training) - [Microbiology Testing Systems](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-and-equipment-installation/system-and-equipment-installation-microbiology-testing-systems) - [Systems Qualification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-qualification) - [Bioprocessing Systems Qualification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-qualification/bioprocessing-systems-qualification) - [Food & Beverages QC Systems Qualification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-qualification/food-and-beverage-qc-systems-qualification) - [Milli-Q^® Qualification & Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-qualification/pharma-qc-systems-qualification/milli-q-qualification-program) - [Pharma QC Systems Qualification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/systems-qualification/pharma-qc-systems-qualification) - [Validation Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/validation-services) - [Food & Beverage Microbiology Method Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/validation-services/food-and-beverage-microbiology-method-validation) - [Pharma Microbiology Method Development & Validation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/product-services/validation-services/pharma-microbiology-method-development-validation) - [Val@M™ Application for Validation Activites](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/software-and-digital-platforms/valatm-validation-platform) - [Support](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support) - [Inventory Management](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support/inventory-management) - [M Lab™ Collaboration Centers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support/mlab-collaboration-centers) - [Programs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/partnership-programs) - [Recycling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support/recycling) - [Biopharma Recycling Program](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support/recycling/biopharma-recycling-program) - [Greener Cooler](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support/recycling/greener-cooler) - [Polystyrene Cooler Recycling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support/recycling/polystyrene-cooler-return-program) - [Training & Education](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/services/support/training-and-education) - Resources - [Documents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=coa) - [Certificates of Analysis (COA)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=coa) - [Safety Data Sheets (SDS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=sds) - [Certificates of Quality (COQ)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=coq) - [Certificates of Origin (COO)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/documents-search?tab=coo) - [Learning Center](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/learning-center) - Support - [Customer Support](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/support/customer-support) - [Contact Us](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/offices) - [Get Site Smart](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/ecommerce/website-update-info) - [FAQ](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/) - [Quality & Regulatory](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/life-science/quality-and-regulatory-management) - [Calculators & Apps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/support/calculators-and-apps) - [Webinars](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/CA/en/collections/webinars)