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Order](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/quick-order) Cart0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en)[Organic Electronics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/organic-electronics)Inorganic Interface Layer Inks for Organic Electronic Applications # Inorganic Interface Layer Inks for Organic Electronic Applications __Samuel Halim, Ph.D.__ *Nanograde AG, Switzerland* ## Introduction The commercialisation of organic electronic devices such as organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) lighting continues to accelerate. To make these large-area, high volume applications fully accepted by the mass market, production costs need to be significantly lowered. This goal can be achieved if devices are fabricated by solution processable materials, such as printable inks. The challenge for materials manufacturers is to meet the following requirements: - printable with industrial processing techniques - excellent device performance - low-cost through industrial scale-up process While the active layers are transforming light into electrical charges (OPV) or transforming electricity into light (OLED), the interface layers in both OPV and OLED ensures device efficiency. For example, hole selective interface layers ensure good transport of holes between the active layer and the electrode, blocking electrons, whereas the electron selective interface layers ensure an efficient electron transport, blocking holes. State-of-the-art solution processable materials include [PEDOT:PSS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells/agfa-opv), a hole selective organic material and sol-gel deposited zinc oxide (ZnO) as an electron selective material. The major drawbacks of polymers like [PEDOT:PSS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells/agfa-opv) are its acidity which negativly impacts device stability, as well as its organic nature (e.g., relatively poor chemical stability). The main drawbacks for sol-gel ZnO are short shelf life, lack of reproducibility and high annealing temperatures. Therefore, there is a strong need to replace such materials by industrially applicable materials. A range of inorganic charge selective inks enables cost-efficient, solution processed OPV or OLED manufacturing on flexible or rigid substrates, using printing technologies such as slot-dye coating or spin coating. The next generation of these inks is currently being optimized for inkjet or screen printing. Prod. Nos. [793361](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793361) (zinc oxide nanoparticle ink, N-10), [793388](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793388) (aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticle ink, N-10X) and [793353](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793353) (tungsten oxide nanoparticle ink, P-10) are nanoparticle-based printing inks allowing processing temperatures of 80 °C (__Table 1__). Prod. No.Solid compositionSolid content (wt%)mean primary particle size (nm)Mean hydrodynamic particle size (nm)Viscosity (cP)Surface tension (mN/m)Work function (eV)ProcessApplication [793361](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793361)ZnO2.512142.5244.2Slot-Dye & Spin CoatingETL, EIL (OPV, OLED) [793388](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793388) Al:ZnO 2.516172.5244.2Slot Dye & Spin CoatingETL, EIL (OPV, OLED) [793353](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793353)WO32.515232.5245.4Slot Dye & Spin CoatingHTL, HIL (OPV, OLED) Table 1.Nanoparticle-based Printing Inks (All data are typical values and do not constitute a specification) ## Nanoparticle Based Printing Inks Tungsten oxide nanoparticle ink (P-10, Prod. No. [793353](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793353)) is a hole selective interface layer ink based on a colloidal suspension of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles in isopropanol. Zinc oxide nanoparticle ink (N-10, Prod. No. [793361](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793361)) is an electron selective interface layer ink containing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in isopropanol whereas Prod. No. [793388](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793388) (N-10X) contains aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) for enhanced electrical conductivity of the inorganic interface layers. These inorganic inks are stable and optimized for OLED and OPV coating applications. These inks are free of any unwanted surfactants/dispersants which can negatively interfer with the electronic properties of organic electronic devices. This means the inks can be deposited and post-treated at temperatures below 100 °C without a surfactant removal step (e.g. plasma or ozone treatment). The average particle size of the ZnO, AZO and WO3 particles is optimized at around 12-16 nm. The inorganic solid concentration yields dry films of between 15 and 200 nm by conventional coating methods such as slot-dye coating, doctor blading or spin-coating. ## Application in Regular and Inverted OPV cells OPV cells are comprised of layered structures, where the photoactive layer is sandwiched between two electrodes. The hole extraction layer (HEL) and the electron extraction layer (EEL) ensure an efficient current between the active layer and the electrodes. Single cell modules can have two different OPV geometries: normal and inverted (__Figure 1__). In normal cells typically indium tin oxide (ITO) is used as the anode and a metal with a lower work function than ITO (e.g. aluminum) is employeed as the cathode. In inverted cells, the cathode is usually ITO and the anode is a metal with a work function higher than ITO (e.g. silver). Inverted OPV modules tend to be more stable and generally show higher efficiencies.  __Figure 1.__ OPV Cell – regular (normal) and inverted architectures WO3 nanoparticle ink (P-10, Prod. No. [793353](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793353)) can be applied in OPV cells as HEL materials due to their high work function, excellent processability and layer formation on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substates. ZnO and AZO nanoparticle inks (N-10 and N-10X, Prod. Nos. [793361](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793361) and [793388](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/793388)) function well as EEL materials for the similar reasons. All these inks can be applied in the normal as well as in inverted OPV cells. Leading scientists have tested the inks for use as hole and electron selective interface layers in OPV cells. The results show that the performance is similar or better than state-of-the-art materials like PEDOT:PSS, and being perfectly applicable in fully solution processed modules.1,2 ## Advantages of Inorganic Interface Layer Inks The main advantages of the interface layer inks are: - Solution processable by various coating techniques (e.g. slot-dye, doctor blading, spin-coating) - Low layer annealing temperatures (below 100 °C) - Good wettability, even on hydrophobic substrates (e.g. on top of the photoactive layer) - Extended shelf-life - High batch-to-batch reproducibility (narrow specification ranges in viscosity, wettability, particle size) - No aggressive or harsh chemicals contained (deposition on organic photoactive materials possible without damage) - Degradation resistant (inorganic) - Tungsten oxide nanoparticle ink can be mixed with [PEDOT:PSS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells/agfa-opv) formulations in order to fine tune electronic and morphological dry layer properties (e.g. conductivity, surface roughness or layer porosity) ## Materials Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 Sorry, an unexpected error has occurred Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### References 1\. Stubhan T, Li N, Luechinger NA, Halim SC, Matt GJ, Brabec CJ. 2012. High Fill Factor Polymer Solar Cells Incorporating a Low Temperature Solution Processed WO3Hole Extraction Layer. Adv. Energy Mater.. 2(12):1433-1438. [https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200330](https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201200330) 2\. Li N, Stubhan T, Luechinger NA, Halim SC, Matt GJ, Ameri T, Brabec CJ. 2012. Inverted structure organic photovoltaic devices employing a low temperature solution processed WO3 anode buffer layer. Organic Electronics. 13(11):2479-2484. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.06.045](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.06.045) 3\. Yakunin S, Sytnyk M, Kriegner D, Shrestha S, Richter M, Matt GJ, Azimi H, Brabec CJ, Stangl J, Kovalenko MV, et al. 2015. Detection of X-ray photons by solution-processed lead halide perovskites. Nature Photon. 9(7):444-449. [https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.82](https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.82) 4\. Guo F, Li N, Radmilovi? VV, Radmilovi? VR, Turbiez M, Spiecker E, Forberich K, Brabec CJ. Fully printed organic tandem solar cells using solution-processed silver nanowires and opaque silver as charge collecting electrodes. Energy Environ. Sci.. 8(6):1690-1697. [https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee00184f](https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee00184f) 5\. Min J, Luponosov YN, Zhang Z, Ponomarenko SA, Ameri T, Li Y, Brabec CJ. 2014. Interface Design to Improve the Performance and Stability of Solution-Processed Small-Molecule Conventional Solar Cells. Adv. Energy Mater.. 4(16):1400816. [https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400816](https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400816) 6\. Gärtner S, Christmann M, Sankaran S, Röhm H, Prinz E, Penth F, Pütz A, Türeli AE, Penth B, Baumstümmler B, et al. 2014. Eco-Friendly Fabrication of 4% Efficient Organic Solar Cells from Surfactant-Free P3HT:ICBA Nanoparticle Dispersions. Adv. Mater.. 26(38):6653-6657. [https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402360](https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402360) 7\. Guo F, Azimi H, Hou Y, Przybilla T, Hu M, Bronnbauer C, Langner S, Spiecker E, Forberich K, Brabec CJ. High-performance semitransparent perovskite solar cells with solution-processed silver nanowires as top electrodes. Nanoscale. 7(5):1642-1649. [https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr06033d](https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr06033d) 8\. Li N, Stubhan T, Krantz J, Machui F, Turbiez M, Ameri T, Brabec CJ. A universal method to form the equivalent ohmic contact for efficient solution-processed organic tandem solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2(36):14896-14902. [https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta03182b](https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta03182b) 9\. Chen C, Chang W, Yoshimura K, Ohya K, You J, Gao J, Hong Z, Yang Y. 2014. An Efficient Triple-Junction Polymer Solar Cell Having a Power Conversion Efficiency Exceeding 11%. Adv. Mater.. 26(32):5670-5677. [https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402072](https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402072) 10\. Wang Y, Luo Q, Wu N, Wang Q, Zhu H, Chen L, Li Y, Luo L, Ma C. 2015. Solution-Processed MoO3:PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Hole Transporting Layer for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7(13):7170-7179. [https://doi.org/10.1021/am509049t](https://doi.org/10.1021/am509049t) 11\. Du X, Lytken O, Killian MS, Cao J, Stubhan T, Turbiez M, Schmuki P, Steinrück H, Ding L, Fink RH, et al. 2017. Overcoming Interfacial Losses in Solution-Processed Organic Multi-Junction Solar Cells. Adv. Energy Mater.. 7(5):1601959. 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[Enhanced Validation Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/enhanced-validation-ab) - [Flow Cytometry Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/flow-cytometry-antibodies) - [Prestige Antibodies^®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/prestige-antibodies) - [Primary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/primary-antibodies) - [Secondary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/secondary-antibodies) - [Small Pack Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/small-pack-antibodies) - [ZooMAb^® Recombinant Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/zoomab-antibodies) - [Bioactive Small Molecules](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules) - [Structural Genomics Consortium](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules/structural-genomics-consortium) - 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[Transfer Membranes & Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-membranes-and-kits) - [Immunodetection Reagents & Substrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/immunodetection-reagents-and-substrates) - [Membrane Immunodetection Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/membrane-immunodetection-devices) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gels & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gels-and-buffers) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gel Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gel-stains) - [Protein Markers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-markers) - 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[Primary Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/primary-cell-culture) - [Stem Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/stem-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture by Technique](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/3d-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-culture-media-preparation) - [Cell Growth & Maintenance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-growth-and-maintenance) - [Transfection & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/transfection-and-gene-editing) - 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[Biotech Resource Hub](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub) - [Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/discovery) - [Pre-clinical](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/pre-clinical) - [Phase I-II](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-i-ii) - [Phase III and Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-iii-and-manufacturing) - [Regulatory](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/regulatory) - [Startup Programs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/startup-programs) - 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[Sterile Filtration Strategies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-strategies) - [Gene Therapy Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Upstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-upstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Downstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-downstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-formulation-and-final-fill) - [Viral Vector Characterization & Biosafety Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-characterization-and-biosafety-testing) - 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[Viral-like Particles Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-like-particles-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-vector-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology) - [ELISA](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/elisa) - [Enzyme Activity Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/enzyme-activity-assays) - [Flow Cytometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/flow-cytometry) - [Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/gel-electrophoresis) - [Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/immunohistochemistry) - [Interrogation of Protein Pathways](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/interrogation-protein-pathways) - [Lysis & Protein Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/lysis-and-protein-extraction) - [Protein & Nucleic Acid Interactions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-and-nucleic-acid-interactions) - [Protein Concentration & Buffer Exchange](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-concentration-and-buffer-exchange) - [Protein Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-expression) - [Protein Labeling & Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-labeling-and-modification) - [Protein Pulldown](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-pulldown) - [Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-purification) - [Protein Quantitation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-quantitation) - [Protein Structural Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-structural-analysis) - [Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/western-blotting) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Research & Disease Areas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas) - [Cancer Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cancer-research) - [Cell & Developmental Biology Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-and-developmental-biology-research) - [Cell Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-signaling) - [Glycobiology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/glycobiology) - 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Services - [Contract Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/adc-bioconjugation) - [Diagnostic OEM & CMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/diagnostic-oem-cmo) - [mRNA & LNP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services) - [Lipids CDMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipids-cdmo-services) - [Lipid Nanoparticle CDMO Service](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipid-nanoparticle-cdmo-services) - [Small Molecule](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/small-molecule) - [Activated Polyethylene Glycol (PEGs)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/peg) - 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