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The availability of complete genome sequences, combined with readily programmable tools to modify the genome, allows these analyses to be performed on a genome-wide scale. The basic aim of a genomic screen is to understand the emergence of a specific phenotype by modifying gene function in a targeted, purposeful manner. When individual genes are deleted or modulated in a cell or organism, changes in phenotype or behavior can be directly or indirectly observed through carefully planned experiments. Functional genomics screening allows this analysis to be performed in a systematic and parallelized manner, elucidating intricate pathways and disease states and facilitating novel drug target identification.   There are two fundamental ways that functional genomics can link genetics to phenotype. Forward genetic screening involves modifying many genes, selecting for the cells or organisms with the phenotype of interest, and then identifying the genes whose modulation triggered the phenotypic change. Reverse genetic screening analyzes the phenotype of cells or organisms following the disruption of a specific gene or combination of genes. * * * ## Related Products Slide 1 of 19 1 of 5 [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPH01 \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Human Pooled shRNA Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shph01) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPM01 \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Mouse Pooled shRNA Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shpm01) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPHLIBR \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Complete Human Pooled shRNA Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shphlibr) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPMLIBR \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Complete Mouse Pooled shRNA Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shpmlibr) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPH15 \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Human Pooled shRNA Library TRC1.5](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shph15) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPH2 \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Human Pooled shRNA Library TRC2](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shph2) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPM15 \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Mouse Pooled shRNA Library TRC1.5](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shpm15) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SHPM2 \ MISSION® LentiPlex® Mouse Pooled shRNA Library TRC2](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/shpm2) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ HGECKO2A \ Gecko2 Human Whole Genome CRISPR Pool, All-in-one™ Lenti Particles (Gecko2 vector)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/hgecko2a) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ HGECKO2G \ Gecko2 Human Whole Genome CRISPR Pool, gRNA Only Lenti Particles (Gecko2 vector)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/hgecko2g) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ MGECKO2A \ Gecko2 Mouse Whole Genome CRISPR Pool, All-in-One™ Lenti Particles (Gecko2 vector)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/mgecko2a) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ MGECKO2G \ Gecko2 Mouse Whole Genome CRISPR Pool, gRNA Only Lenti Particles (Gecko2 vector)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/mgecko2g) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ HWGCRISPR \ Sigma Whole Human Genome Lentiviral CRISPR Pool](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/hwgcrispr) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SH1931 \ MISSION® shRNA Human Gene Family Set, Lentiviral Particles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/sh1931) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SH2931 \ MISSION® shRNA Human Gene Family Set, Lentiviral Particles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/sh2931) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SH2231 \ MISSION® shRNA Human Gene Family Set, Lentiviral Particles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/sh2231) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SH0831 \ MISSION® shRNA Human Gene Family Set, Lentiviral Particles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/sh0831) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SH1331 \ MISSION® shRNA Human Gene Family Set, Lentiviral Particles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/sh1331) Quick View [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ SH2331 \ MISSION® shRNA Human Gene Family Set, Lentiviral Particles](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/sh2331) Quick View * * * ## Featured Categories [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/microbiome) [Microbiome](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/molecular-biology-and-functional-genomics/microbiome) Comprehensive Gut Microbiome Analysis: Uncover a holistic solution encompassing sample prep, sequencing, bioinformatics, and statistics. 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[Shop Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/materials-science) * * * Overview Related Articles & Protocols Support Advances in gene editing, gene silencing, gene modulation, next generation sequencing (NGS), and phenotypic screening technologies enable efficient execution of functional genomic screens in a wide variety of model systems. - __RNA interference (RNAi)__: Several types of RNAi reagents can be employed for gene silencing, including long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA). These RNAi reagents are introduced to cells by direct transfection of the modulating factor (siRNAs and dsRNAs), by transfection of DNA encoding a promoter-driven shRNA, or by viral transduction methods using lentiviral constructs with cloned shRNA cassettes. dsRNA and siRNA can be used in arrayed screens for high-throughput screening, while shRNAs can be introduced to cell populations in arrayed or pooled screens for high-throughput analysis, with pooled screens using next generation sequencing (NGS) for deconvolution. - __CRISPR-Cas systems__: CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) systems can be used to manipulate the genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes of mammalian cells. In CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, a Cas9 nuclease is targeted to a specific locus using a guide RNA. Depending on the Cas9 variant employed, CRISPR can be used to genetically silence transcript production by introducing frameshift mutations, repressing transcription machinery, recruiting transcription factors to activate expression, inducing targeted point mutations, or modifying epigenetic markers. Similar to RNAi, CRISPR can be introduced directly as an RNP complex in arrayed screens or as plasmid DNA or lentivirus for both pooled and arrayed screening applications. CRISPR pools, libraries, and arrays facilitate exceptionally versatile, high-throughput screening of genes for functional analysis. Genome modulation screening is also possible with a nuclease-free CRISPR system that utilizes enzymatically inactive dCas9 combined with transcriptional effectors that either activate (CRISPRa) or inhibit (CRISPRi) gene transcription, leading to an increase or decrease in gene expression. [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/documents-search) [Looking for More Specific Information?](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/documents-search) Visit our document search for data sheets, certificates and technical documentation. [Find Documents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/documents-search) ## Related Articles - [Methods for Enhancing Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/enhancing-lentiviral) Methods for lentiviral transduction of Jurkat cells were compared. Spinoculation was compared with overnight incubation with polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide) and fibronection-coated plates. - [Single-Cell Resolution Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/functional-genomics-screening/discovery-at-single-cell-resolution) CRISPR lentiviral screening libraries, partnered with 10x Genomics, offer powerful research tools for pooled screening. - [esiRNA FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/functional-genomics-screening/esirna-faq) esiRNA are endoribonuclease prepared siRNAs that target the same mRNA sequence for gene silencing. Here are some of the most asked questions regarding esiRNA uses and availability. - [Sanger Whole Genome CRISPR Libraries](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/sanger-crispr-arrayed-library) Genome-wide screening with optimized gRNAs per gene ensures specific and efficient knockout, controlling time and cost. - [Safe Lentivirus Handling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/safe-handling-of-lentivirus) Lentiviral vector systems prioritize safety features, with design precautions preventing replication. Good handling practices are essential for use. - [See All (15)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) ## Related Protocols - [X-tremeGENE™ siRNA Transfection Reagent Protocol & Troubleshooting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/transfection-and-gene-editing/x-tremegene-sirna-transfection-reagent) X-tremeGENE™ siRNA Transfection Reagent Protocol & Troubleshooting - [Lentiviral Production Using X-tremeGENE HP Transfection Reagent](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/transfection-and-gene-editing/xtghp-lenti-protocol) Lentiviruses represent a powerful tool in research applications to transduce a wide range of cell types. - [CRISPR Cas 9 Nuclease RNA-guided Genome Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/crispr-cas9-genome-editing) Learn about CRISPR Cas9, what it is and how it works. CRISPR is a new, affordable genome editing tool enabling access to genome editing for all. - [Lentiviral Transduction Protocol](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/lentiviral-transduction) Detailed procedure for how to perform a lentiviral transduction of MISSION shRNA lentiviral particles to achieve a stable long term silencing and phenotypic change. - [Antibiotic Optimization for Cell Transduction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/gene-expression-and-silencing/cytotoxicity-profile) Determine optimal antibiotic concentration for stable cell lines, ensuring efficient selection in transduced cells. - [See All (5)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) ### Find More Articles and Protocols Enter Keywords Search ## How Can We Help In case of any questions, please submit a [customer support request](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/support/customer-support) or talk to our customer service team: Email [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) or call +1 (800) 244-1173 ## Additional Support - [Chromatogram Search](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chromatogram-search) Use the Chromatogram Search to identify unknown compounds in your sample. - [Calculators & Apps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/support/calculators-and-apps) Web Toolbox - science research tools and resources for analytical chemistry, life science, chemical synthesis and materials science. - [Customer Support Request](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/support/customer-support) Customer support including help with orders, products, accounts, and website technical issues. - [FAQ](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/) Explore our Frequently Asked Questions for answers to commonly asked questions about our products and services. * * * __Featured Articles__ [Methods for Enhancing Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/enhancing-lentiviral) Methods for lentiviral transduction of Jurkat cells were compared. Spinoculation was compared with overnight incubation with polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide) and fibronection-coated plates. [Single-Cell Resolution Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/functional-genomics-screening/discovery-at-single-cell-resolution) CRISPR lentiviral screening libraries, partnered with 10x Genomics, offer powerful research tools for pooled screening. [esiRNA FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/functional-genomics-screening/esirna-faq) esiRNA are endoribonuclease prepared siRNAs that target the same mRNA sequence for gene silencing. Here are some of the most asked questions regarding esiRNA uses and availability. [Sanger Whole Genome CRISPR Libraries](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/sanger-crispr-arrayed-library) Genome-wide screening with optimized gRNAs per gene ensures specific and efficient knockout, controlling time and cost. * * * __Related Services__ [Viral Vector CTDMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/viral-vector-manufacturing) Millipore® CTDMO Services offer viral vector development and manufacturing for advancing cell and gene therapies. Top __Sign In To Continue__ To continue reading please sign in or create an account. 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[Enhanced Validation Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/enhanced-validation-ab) - [Flow Cytometry Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/flow-cytometry-antibodies) - [Prestige Antibodies^®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/prestige-antibodies) - [Primary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/primary-antibodies) - [Secondary Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/secondary-antibodies) - [Small Pack Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/small-pack-antibodies) - [ZooMAb^® Recombinant Antibodies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/antibodies/zoomab-antibodies) - [Bioactive Small Molecules](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules) - [Structural Genomics Consortium](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/bioactive-small-molecules/structural-genomics-consortium) - 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[Transfer Membranes & Kits](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/transfer-membranes-and-kits) - [Immunodetection Reagents & Substrates](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/immunodetection-reagents-and-substrates) - [Membrane Immunodetection Devices](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/membrane-immunodetection-devices) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gels & Buffers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gels-and-buffers) - [Protein Electrophoresis Gel Stains](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-electrophoresis-gel-stains) - [Protein Markers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/products/protein-biology/protein-electrophoresis-and-western-blotting/protein-markers) - 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[Primary Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/primary-cell-culture) - [Stem Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-cell-type/stem-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture by Technique](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique) - [3D Cell Culture](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/3d-cell-culture) - [Cell Culture Media Preparation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-culture-media-preparation) - [Cell Growth & Maintenance](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/cell-growth-and-maintenance) - [Transfection & Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/cell-culture-by-technique/transfection-and-gene-editing) - 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[Biotech Resource Hub](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub) - [Discovery](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/discovery) - [Pre-clinical](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/pre-clinical) - [Phase I-II](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-i-ii) - [Phase III and Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/phase-iii-and-manufacturing) - [Regulatory](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/regulatory) - [Startup Programs](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/biotech-resource-hub/startup-programs) - 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[Sterile Filtration Strategies](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/classical-pharma-manufacturing/sterile-filtration-strategies) - [Gene Therapy Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Upstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-upstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Downstream Processing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-downstream-processing) - [Viral Vector Formulation & Final Fill](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-formulation-and-final-fill) - [Viral Vector Characterization & Biosafety Testing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/gene-therapy-manufacturing/viral-vector-characterization-and-biosafety-testing) - 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[Viral-like Particles Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-like-particles-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Viral Vector Vaccine Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/pharmaceutical-and-biopharmaceutical-manufacturing/vaccine-manufacturing/viral-vector-vaccine-manufacturing) - [Protein Biology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology) - [ELISA](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/elisa) - [Enzyme Activity Assays](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/enzyme-activity-assays) - [Flow Cytometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/flow-cytometry) - [Gel Electrophoresis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/gel-electrophoresis) - [Immunohistochemistry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/immunohistochemistry) - [Interrogation of Protein Pathways](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/interrogation-protein-pathways) - [Lysis & Protein Extraction](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/lysis-and-protein-extraction) - [Protein & Nucleic Acid Interactions](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-and-nucleic-acid-interactions) - [Protein Concentration & Buffer Exchange](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-concentration-and-buffer-exchange) - [Protein Expression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-expression) - [Protein Labeling & Modification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-labeling-and-modification) - [Protein Pulldown](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-pulldown) - [Protein Purification](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-purification) - [Protein Quantitation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-quantitation) - [Protein Structural Analysis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-structural-analysis) - [Western Blotting](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/western-blotting) - [Protein Mass Spectrometry](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/protein-biology/protein-mass-spectrometry) - [Research & Disease Areas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas) - [Cancer Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cancer-research) - [Cell & Developmental Biology Research](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-and-developmental-biology-research) - [Cell Signaling](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/cell-signaling) - [Glycobiology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/applications/research-disease-areas/glycobiology) - 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Services - [Contract Manufacturing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing) - [ADC & Bioconjugation](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/adc-bioconjugation) - [Diagnostic OEM & CMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/ivd-development-manufacturing/diagnostic-oem-cmo) - [mRNA & LNP](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services) - [Lipids CDMO Services](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipids-cdmo-services) - [Lipid Nanoparticle CDMO Service](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/mrna-and-lnp-formulation-ctdmo-services/lipid-nanoparticle-cdmo-services) - [Small Molecule](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/small-molecule) - [Activated Polyethylene Glycol (PEGs)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/services/contract-manufacturing/peg) - 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