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Organic-inorganic hybrids of imidazole complexes of zinc (II) for catalysts in the glycerolysis of urea.

Organic-inorganic hybrids of imidazole complexes of zinc (II) for catalysts in the glycerolysis of urea.

Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology (2014-04-18)

Dong-Woo Kim, Dae-Won Park

ABSTRACT

Bis(alkylimidazole) complexes of zinc, (RIm)2ZnX2, were prepared by a metal insertion reaction. The synthesized (RIm)2ZnX2 exhibited good catalytic performance during synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from glycerol and urea. (HEIm)2ZnCl2 with a hydroxyl group exhibited the highest GC yield during glycerolysis of urea owing to incorporation of acid-base bifunctional active sites. (EIm)2ZnX2 catalysts based on different halide anions showed increased reactivity as Cl- < Br- < I-, which is the order of nucleophilicity. The effects of reaction parameters such as temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and degree of vacuum on the reactivity were also investigated.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Supelco

Glycerin, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc preparation, 5 g/dL Zn²⁺ in THF, highly reactive Rieke^®metal

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, nanopowder, 40-60 nm avg. part. size, ≥99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Urea solution, 40 % (w/v) in H₂O

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole hydrochloride

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole, ACS reagent, ≥99% (titration)

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole, ≥99% (titration), crystalline

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole, Molecular Biology, ≥99% (titration)

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, pieces, 2-14 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, sticks, diam. 7-10 mm, 99.97% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, shot, 5 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole, BioUltra, Molecular Biology, ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole, BioUltra, ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.9%, granular

Sigma-Aldrich

Urea solution, BioUltra, ~8 M in H₂O

Sigma-Aldrich

Glycerol solution, 83.5-89.5% (T)

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole sodium derivative, technical grade

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, dust, <10 μm, ≥98%

Sigma-Aldrich

Urea-¹²C, 99.9 atom % ¹²C

Sigma-Aldrich

Imidazole, puriss. p.a., ≥99.5% (GC)

Millipore

Urea solution, suitable for microbiology, 40% in H₂O

Imidazole, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, shot, <12 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, granular, 20-30 mesh, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

Zinc, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.20mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.35mm, as rolled, 99.95+%