[コンテンツへスキップ](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#main-content) [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja) 製品 カート0 JPJA 製品 製品アプリケーションサービスリソースサポート [ログイン / 登録](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/oidc-sign-in) [注文検索](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/order-lookup) [クイックオーダー](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/quick-order) カート0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en)[Solid Phase Extraction (SPE)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/sample-preparation/solid-phase-extraction)Ion-Suppression & Phospholipid Contamination # Ion-Suppression & Phospholipid Contamination __HybridSPE®-Phospholipid Technology__ In pharmaceutical bioanalysis, researchers develop and run various assays to quantitate drugs, pharmaceutical candidates, and their metabolites in biological fluids such as serum or plasma. The data resulting from these assays are used to help determine the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties as well as the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of existing and emerging pharmaceutical compounds. Although advances in LC-MS technology have reaped overwhelming benefits in terms of increased throughput and sensitivity, good sample preparation continues to be a critical component of bioanalysis. __Section Overview__ - [Phospholipids & Ion-Suppression](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#phospholipids-and-ion-suppression) - [Why are Phospholipids Difficult to Remove During Sample Prep?](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#difficult-to-remove) - [Related Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#products) ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Phospholipids & Ion-Suppression Excessive background from endogenous matrix components has always been a greater concern in bioanalysis, and has become paramount with decreasing analytical run times. In bioanalytical mass spectrometry, the issue of excessive background contributes to the growing problem of ion-suppression. Ion-suppression is caused by one or more interfering components or species that co-elute with analyte(s) of interest during LC-MS analysis and manifests itself as a loss of analyte response. These co-eluting species can affect droplet formation or ionize concurrently resulting in an erroneous decrease (suppression) or increase (enhancement) in signalresponse. The end result is poor assay reproducibility, accuracy, and sensitivity. Such deleterious effects are often most notable at the lower limits of quantiation (LLOQ). One of the major causes of ion-suppression in bioanalysis is the presence of phospholipids during LC-MS analysis in the positive ion electrospray mode (+ESI). Phospholipids are prevalent in extremely high concentrations in blood based biological fluids (~1 mg/mL); and represent the second largest lipid component in biological matrices after triglycerides. Figure 1 compares the LC-MS chromatograms of two clonidine spiked rat plasma samples processed by standard protein precipitation alone and protein precipitation followed by phospholipid removal. When standard protein precipitation was employed, severe signal suppression of clonidine was evident. In contrast, by removing phospholipid interferences prior to analysis, response for clonidine was nearly doubled. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)Why are Phospholipids Difficult to Remove During Sample Prep? When processing plasma/serum samples for LC-MS, the three most common sample prep techniques are protein precipitation (protein ppt), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and solid phase extraction (SPE). Each technique offers unique advantages that are considered during the method development process. For example, protein ppt methods are simple (2-3 steps), fast, and often require no method development. However, the technique offers minimal selectivity as it only removes gross levels of protein from the sample prior to analysis. In contrast, SPE offers significant benefits in terms of selectivity/sample cleanup, but the technique requires moderate to extensive levels of expertise and time for adequate method development. In addition, SPE often requires multiple steps (5-8) resulting in increased assay time. Due to the nature of phospholipids, none of the mainstream sample prep techniques (protein ppt, LLE, and SPE) offer the proper selectivity to distinguish phospholipids from analytes of interest. Figure 2 describes this phenomenon.  __Figure 1.__Phospholipid effect on ionization of clonidine  __Figure 2.__Phospholipids co-extract with analytes of interest when using traditional sample prep techniques __Protein PPT – No phospholipid removal__ - Will only remove gross levels of proteins __LLE – No phospholipid removal__ A. Phospholipids will co-extract with analytes due to hydrophobic tail __SPE – Nominal phospholipid removal__ B. Reversed-phase – phospholipids will co-extract with analytes due to hydrophobic tail C. Mixed-mode/ion-exchange – phospholipids will co-extract with analytes due to zwitterionic polar head group ## Related Products 申し訳ございませんが、想定外のエラーが発生しました。 Response not successful: Received status code 500 __Related Articles__ - [Determination of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Air Using DNPH Cartridges and Automated On-Line Desorption Followed by HPLC](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/protocol/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/air-testing/aldehydes-air-dnph) - [Effect of Container Materials on Milk Off-Flavors](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/gas-chromatography/container-materials) - [Pesticide Residue Analysis in Ginger Powder with QuEChERS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/quechers/analysis-of-pesticide-residues-in-ginger-powder) - [Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Pistachios Using QuEChERS Extraction and Cleanup with Supel™ QuE Z-Sep+](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/quechers/analysis-of-pesticide-residues-in-pistachios) - [HybridSPE-Phospholipid Technology](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/hybridspe-precipitation-technology) - [Impact of Mobile Phase Additives on LC-MS Sensitivity, Demonstrated using Spice Cannabinoids](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/lcms-spice-cannabinoids) - [Solvent Analysis for 40 Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/small-molecule-hplc/solvent-analysis-for-40-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances) - [Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Urine](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/technical-documents/technical-article/analytical-chemistry/solid-phase-extraction/analysis-of-drugs-of-abuse-in-urine-after-cleanup-with-hlb) - [View More](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) __Related Product Categories__ - [Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and QuEChERS](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/en/products/analytical-chemistry/analytical-sample-preparation/spe-and-quechers) TOP __ログインして続行__ 続きを確認するには、ログインするか、新規登録が必要です。 ログイン__アカウントをお持ちではありませんか？__お客様情報を登録 サポート[お問い合わせ](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/support/customer-support)[各国の連絡先](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/collections/offices)[Eコマース FAQ](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/ecommerce/ecommerce-faq)[安全データシート (SDS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/documents-search?tab=sds)[製品のCOA/COO](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/documents-search?tab=coa)[品質・規制](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/quality-and-regulatory-management)[計算ツール・アプリ](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/support/calculators-and-apps)[ウェビナー［英語］](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/collections/webinars) オーダー[クイックオーダー](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/quick-order)[カスタム製品](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/services/custom-products)[Eコマースソリューション](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/ecommerce/ecommerce-solutions) 会社情報[メルクについて](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/about-us)[企業責任](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/ssbi)[イベント](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/collections/events)[プレスリリース](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/collections/press)[プログラム](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/partnership-programs)[採用情報](https://careers.merckgroup.com/global/en)[拠点](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/collections/offices) ソーシャルメディア [](https://www.linkedin.com/company/merck-life-science) [](https://x.com/Merck_lifesci) [](https://www.facebook.com/Merck.lifescience) [](https://www.instagram.com/mercklifescience/) [](https://www.youtube.com/@MerckLifeScience/featured) Merck __研究、開発、製造__ 私たちは、バイオテクノロジーと医薬品の研究＆開発および製造のソリューションとサービスを提供する、グローバルなライフサイエンス業界のリーディングサプライヤーです。 [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja) [Sigma-Aldrich®ソリューション](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/sigma-aldrich)[BioReliance®ソリューション](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/bioreliance)[Millipore®ソリューション](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/millipore)[SAFC®ソリューション](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/safc)[Milli-Q®ソリューション](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/milliq)[Supelco®ソリューション](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/JP/ja/life-science/supelco) © 2026 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. 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