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Alcohol and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Alcohol and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

SADJ : journal of the South African Dental Association = tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Tandheelkundige Vereniging (2013-08-27)

L Feller, R Chandran, R A G Khammissa, R Meyerov, J Lemmer

ABSTRACT

Alcohol is a risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma. It enhances the permeability of the oral epithelium, acts as a solvent for tobacco carcinogens, induces basal-cell proliferation, and generates free radicals and acetaldehyde, which have the capacity to cause DNA damage. Alcohol-associated malnutrition and immune suppression may further promote carcinogenesis. However, acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, is the critical agent by which prolonged and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages increases the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Alcohol also acts synergistically with the products of tobacco combustion in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetaldehyde solution, natural, 50 wt. % ethanol, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetaldehyde solution, 50 wt. % in ethanol

Sigma-Aldrich

Reagent Alcohol, anhydrous, ≤0.003% water

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Acetaldehyde solution, 40 wt. % in isopropanol

Supelco

Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

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Acetaldehyde solution, 40 wt. % in H₂O

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Acetaldehyde solution, 5 M in THF

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Reagent Alcohol, reagent grade

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Reagent Alcohol, anhydrous, ≤0.005% water

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Reagent Alcohol, denatured, suitable for HPLC

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, anhydrous, ≥99.5%

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Acetaldehyde, ≥99%, meets FCC analytical specification

Supelco

Acetaldehyde, PESTANAL^®, analytical standard

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Ethanol, absolute, sales not in Germany, ≥99.8% (vol.)

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Acetaldehyde, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, ACS spectrophotometric grade, 95.0%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetaldehyde, natural, FG

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Acetaldehyde, puriss. p.a., anhydrous, ≥99.5% (GC)

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Ethanol, purum, fine spirit, denaturated with 4.8% methanol, F25 METHYL¹, ~96% (based on denaturant-free substance)

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Ethanol, ACS reagent, prima fine spirit, without additive, F15 o¹

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Ethanol, purum, absolute ethanol, denaturated with 2% 2-butanone, A15 MEK¹, ≥99.8% (based on denaturant-free substance)

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure 200 proof, Molecular Biology

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Ethanol, puriss. p.a., absolute, ≥99.8% (GC)

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

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Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, meets USP testing specifications

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof