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[MULTI-seq Troubleshooting Guide](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#troubleshooting) - [MULTI-seq Reagents and Related Products](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#materials) Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-Seq) is a powerful but relatively low-throughput tool to analyze gene expression at the single-cell level. MULTI-seq was developed to multiplex sample types using lipid-modified oligonucleotides (LMOs) complexed with unique DNA sample barcodes, allowing for multiple samples to be pooled together in the same single-cell analysis workflow. Sample multiplexing reduces associated costs and provides the additional power of identifying artifacts such as cell doublets in single-cell sequencing and single-nucleus sequencing (snRNA-Seq) applications. [Request Information](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/campaigns/lead-generation/multi-seq-sample-multiplexing) MULTI-seq LMOs anchor DNA sample barcodes on the cell membrane or nuclear envelope of any live cell while preserving cell viability and endogenous gene expression patterns for single-cell multiplexing. MULTI-seq LMO-labeled cells or nuclei are directly used for single-cell workflows, such as Chromium X (10x Genomics) 1. MULTI-seq sample barcodes are separated from endogenous cDNA libraries by size during preparation and can be sequenced independently or as fraction of an endogenous cDNA library. MULTI-seq is suitable for multiplexing applications of primary human mammary epithelial cells, cryopreserved tumors, metastatic sites isolated from a patient-derived xenograft mouse model, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), ZipSeq, mouse retina, and mouse lung 2-5. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)The MULTI-seq System and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) The MULTI-seq system consists of lipid-modified anchor oligos (3'-lignoceric acid amide), co-anchor oligos (5'-palmitic acid amide), and DNA sample barcodes (__Figure 1A-B__). The anchor oligo and a sample-specific DNA barcode are pre-mixed to allow hybridization and then added to washed cells, where the hydrophobic anchor portion localizes the DNA sample barcode to plasma membranes. Subsequent hybridization of co-anchor prolongs the membrane retention of the oligo complex for at least 2 hours in tested cells (__Figure 1C-E and Figure 2A__). The design of the DNA sample barcode is flexible and can be optimized depending on the single-cell analysis platform and cDNA library kit. Here we describe a process for capturing DNA sample barcodes along with mRNA molecules from single cells. The DNA sample barcodes include a 3' poly-A (30 bases), a sample barcode (8 bases), and a 5' PCR handle that is necessary for library preparation and anchor hybridization (__Figure 1B__). The 3' poly-A domain mimics endogenous transcripts, thereby being bound by mRNA capture beads in droplets. The bead-captured DNA sample barcodes are linked with single-cell barcodes and UMIs in droplets, similar to endogenous mRNAs, and carried through the reverse transcription and cDNA amplification steps in common single-cell workflow. MULTI-seq sample barcodes (DNA sample barcode + single-cell barcode + UMI) and endogenous cDNAs are separated by size selection before NGS library construction. The MULTI-seq sample barcode libraries are then constructed by PCR to add the NGS sequence adaptors, such as P5 and P7 (__Figure 1F__).   __Figure 1A.__Scheme for MULTI-seq Lipid Modified Oligos reagent. Membrane embedded Anchor/Co-anchor pair annealed to the DNA sample barcode.  __Figure 1B.__DNA sequences of Anchor, Co-Anchor and DNA sample barcodes.  __Figure 1C.__Labeling of MULTI-seq LMO with DNA sample barcode. Step 1: Mix anchor and DNA sample barcode for hybridization.  __Figure 1D.__Labeling of MULTI-seq LMO with DNA sample barcode. Step 2: Treat anchor/barcode mixture into cells or nucleases. Incubate for 5 minutes on ice.  __Figure 1E.__Labeling of MULTI-seq LMO with DNA sample barcode. Step 3: Treat co-anchor/barcode mixture into cells or nucleuses. Incubate for 5 minutes on ice. Wash with 1% BSA to absorb excess anchors and co-anchors.  __Figure 1F.__Completed structure of the MULTI-seq sample barcode library following adapter addition. The DNA sample barcode is captured with poly(dT), mRNA, and the single cell barcode and UMI sequences are linked to DNA sample barcode in a single cell workflow. DNA sample barcode fractions are separated from the endogenous transcript cDNA by SPRI bead selection, while NGS adaptors such as P5 and P7 are added by PCR before sequencing. The size of library DNA will be detected at 180~200 bp position. The MULTI-seq sample barcode library can be sequenced as a fraction of an endogenous cDNA library or independently. The published protocol is based on the Chromium Single Cell 3´ reagent kit (V2 and V3), and the universal I5 primer is used for the construction of the MULTI-seq sample barcode library 1. Optimization is required for the PCR primer(s) depending on the oligo sequence of mRNA capture beads or library kits when different single-cell technology or cDNA library kits are used. For example, when the Nadia scRNA-seq kit (Nadia instrument, Dolomite Bio) is used, a New-P5-SMART PCR hybrid oligo should be used for the construction of a MULTI-seq sample barcode library instead of the universal I5 primer. Of note, MULTI-seq LMOs provide the technology to locate the DNA sample barcode for sample multiplexing, which is flexible and can be customized depending on applications. ApplicationConcentrationSequence MULTI-seq Anchor oligo for cell or nucleus labeling, catalog [LMO001A](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#materials)50 µMMULTI-Seq (LMO001) Kit Component - Lignoceric Anchor with DNA Oligo MULTI-seq Co-anchor oligo for cell or nucleus labeling, catalog [LMO001B](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#materials)50 µMMULTI-Seq (LMO001) Kit Component - Palmitic Co-anchor with DNA Oligo Sample barcodes with poly(A) tail for mRNA analysis50 µM5′-CCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCA- __8-base index__-A30-3′ Sample barcodes for 5’ cDNA library synthesis50 µM5’-CCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCA- __8-base index__-CCCATATAAGAAA-3’ FAM-labeled DNA sample barcode #150 µM5´CCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCAGGAGAAG AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA-FAM-3´   TruSeq RPI primers10 µM5´-CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGAT__NNNNNN__ GTGACTGGAGTTCCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCA-3´   Universal I5 primer for Chromium Single Cell 3´ reagent kit user10 µM5´-AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACT CTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT-3´   MULTI-seq additive primer, used for Chromium Single Cell 3´ reagent kit (Ver.2).10 µM5´-CTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCC-3´ New-P5-SMART PCR hybrid oligo. scRNA-Seq kit for Nadia user10 µM5´-AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGCCTGT CCGCGGAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGT\*A\*C-3´ * The stars denote a phosphorothioate base modification   Table 1.MULTI-seq anchor and co-anchor oligos are available together as catalog number [LMO001](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#materials). In addition, 96 x 5′-end and 96 x 3′-end unique barcode oligos are available to purchase separately. Details on our custom barcode product, Next-Gen Sequencing Oligos (NGSO), can be found at [SigmaAldrich.com/nextgenoligos](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/next-gen-sequencing/custom-next-gen-sequencing-oligos) as needed for individual applications. For minimal cross-contamination of barcode primers, order NGSO-Silver or preferably, NGSO-Gold quality. Please review the specifications available and then submit a quote request for the MULTI-seq barcodes to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]). Sequences are not provided prior to purchase but will be included on product documentation at the time of delivery. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)MULTI-seq Labeling Protocol Preparation of LMO oligos and unique sample barcode oligos: __1. Combine anchor oligo and unique sample barcode oligo to 2 µM concentration each in PBS (-) (without Ca2+ and Mg2+).__  | | | | | | | |-------------------------------------|----------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------|--------------------| | Reagent | 1 sample | 2 samples | 3 samples | 4 samples | 5 samples | | Anchor Oligo (50 µM) | 1 µL | 1 µL x 2 (2 µL) | 1 µL x 3 (3 µL) | 1 µL x 4 (4 µL) | 1 µL x 5 (5 µL) | | Unique sample barcode oligo (50 µM) | 1 µL | 1 µL | 1 µL | 1 µL | 1 µL | | PBS (-) | 23 µL | 23 µL x 2 (46 µL) | 23 µL x 3 (69 µL) | 23 µL x 4 (92 µL) | 23 µL x 5 (115 µL) | | Total volume | 25 µL | 25 µL x 2 | 25 µL x 3 | 25 µL x 4 | 25 µL x 5 | __2. Dilute co-anchor to 2 µM concentration in PBS (-).__  | | | | | | | |-------------------------|----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------| | Reagent | 1 sample | 2 samples | 3 samples | 4 samples | 5 samples | | Co-Anchor Oligo (50 µM) | 1 µL | 2 µL | 3 µL | 4 µL | 5 µL | | PBS (-) | 24 µL | 48 µL | 72 µL | 96 µL | 120 µL | | Total volume | 25 µL | 50 µL | 75 µL | 100 µL | 125 µL | __3. Prepare 4 mL per sample of 1% BSA in PBS (-) and place on ice.__ Preparation of cells: 1. Prepare single cell suspension in PBS (-). Final concentration is ~500,000 cells in 180 µL. If PBS (-) is not applicable for samples, use any desired buffer without FBS or serum in buffer. __Note:__ Do not over trypsinize for adherent cells. LMO oligo labeling may affect membrane strength depending on cell types and over trypsinized cells may be broken during droplet generation. Labeling: 1. Add 20 µL of the mixture of anchor and DNA sample barcode into 180 µL of cell suspension and mix gently by pipetting. 2. Incubate for 5 minutes on ice. 3. Add 20 µL of Co-Anchor solution and mix gently by pipetting. 4. Incubate for 5 minutes on ice. 5. Add 1 mL of 1% BSA in PBS (-). 6. Pellet cells by centrifugation. __Note:__ __Do not centrifuge at high speed.__ 7. Wash cells with 1% BSA in PBS at least twice by centrifugation. 8. Resuspend cells in appropriate amount of 1% BSA in PBS (-) for flow cytometry or appropriate buffer for single cell workflow. 9. For flow cytometry, measure the FAM positive fraction to evaluate the labeling efficiency. ## NGS library submission The addition of MULTI-seq library at 1% molar ratio vs the cDNA library will provide sufficient barcode sequence alignment of the MULTI-seq Library. For example, pool 0.5 µL of the 1 ng/µL MULTI-seq library with 49.5µL of the 2 ng/µL cDNA library for 400M reads format (MULTI-seq: cDNA=1:99). The DNA sample barcode sequence is located after the poly(dT) sequence from the read1 side (__Figure 1F__). The [detailed protocol](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41592-019-0433-8/MediaObjects/41592_2019_433_MOESM1_ESM.pdf) is published as supplementary data. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)MULTI-seq Labeling Efficiency and Sample Stability To quantify the labeling efficiency and stability in samples, human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), HEK293T cells and NIH3T3 cells were briefly labeled with FAM-labeled DNA sample barcode#1. As shown in __Figure 2A__, more than 98% of cells were efficiently labeled with DNA sample barcode by MULTI-seq LMO oligos. The labeling is stable at least for 2 hours on ice, while the labeling efficiency will decrease when the co-anchor is not used (__Figure 2B__).  __Figure 2.Labeling efficiency with FAM-labeled DNA sample barcode#1__. __A__) Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), HEK293 cells and NIH3T3 cells were labeled with LMO anchor and co-anchor containing FAM-labeled DNA sample barcode#1. Labeling efficiency was measured by flow cytometry. The GFP channel was used for capturing the FAM-positive cell population. __B__) Cells were labeled with both anchor and co-anchor (Green) or anchor only (Purple) containing FAM-labeled DNA sample barcode#1. Cells with no LMO oligos (FAM-labeled DNA sample barcode#1 only) were used as negative controls (Orange). After 1hr at room temperature, FAM positive cells were captured with flow cytometry. The labeling efficiency was decreased in the condition lacking the co-anchor, demonstrating that both oligos are necessary for efficient cell labeling. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)MULTI-seq and Single-Cell RNA-seq The results from individual users’ scRNA-Seq experiments with MULTI-seq LMOs are summarized in __Figures 3 and 4__. In both experiments, MULTI-seq reagents worked efficiently for sample multiplexing & demultiplexing, and distinguished doublets.  __Figure 3.scRNA-Seq experimental sample data using MULTI-seq LMOs__. PBMCs were isolated from three rhesus macaques and labeled with fluorescent antibodies (CD3/CD8/CD4). In parallel with antibody staining, each sample was labeled with a unique MULTI-seq sample barcode, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Samples were pooled, and CD8+ T-cells (CD3+/CD8+/CD4-) were sorted into 30uL RPMI + 10% FBS media using a FACS Aria. Cells were processed on a 10x Genomics instrument using 5´ GEX chemistry. Reads from the cell hashing library were processed using [CITE-Seq-Count](https://github.com/Hoohm/CITE-seq-Count), and cell hashing calls were produced using an [algorithm based on deMULTIplex](https://github.com/chris-mcginnis-ucsf/MULTI-seq). __A__) MULTI-seq labeling provides strong signal per cell, with clear separation over background. __B__) Heatmap using data from A demonstrates clear separation of samples and the ability to differentiate singlets, doublets, and negative cells. __C__) t-SNE was performed on the normalized count matrix, illustrating clear clustering by sample.  __Figure 4.MULTI-seq demultiplexing and QC of a scRNA-seq experiment using 9 different barcodes__. Raw barcode reads were log-2 transformed and mean-centered and then processed using the MULTI-Seq classification suite. __A__) Presence of each barcode was visually inspected by performing t-SNE on the normalized barcode count matrix. B1~B9 correspond to each barcode used. Color indicates barcode UMI abundances with low values in black and high values in red. __B__) t-SNE plot visualizing barcode classification of cells, excluding negatives. __C__) Heatmap showing cell barcode o sample barcode classification based on the McGinnis protocol (Ref 1) as row annotations. ## [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)MULTI-seq Troubleshooting Guide 1. __Issue:__ Droplets generation failed in MULTI-seq labeled cells. __Recommendation:__ Do not over trypsinize for adherent cells. LMO oligo labeling may affect membrane strength depending on cell types and over trypsinized cells may be broken during droplet generation. Alternatively, use a minimum amount of MULTI-Seq reagent. In this protocol, the minimum amount sets up to use 20 µL of 2 µM of each oligos for 500,000 cells.  However, it is possible to reduce the amount of oligos depending on samples. We recommend setting up a minimum amount with the FAM-labeled DNA sample barcode#1 for sensitive samples. 2. __Issue:__ Low amount of MULTI-seq DNA sample barcode library: __Recommendation:__ Use more template DNA sample barcode for PCR (up to 7~14 ng barcode DNA instead of 3.5 ng). 3. __Issue:__ Small bands are co-amplified in MULTI-seq sample barcode library (It will be observed when more template is used for PCR): __Recommendation:__ Repeat 1.6X SPRI purification. ## Products Lo sentimos, se ha producido un error inesperado Response not successful: Received status code 500 ### References 1\. McGinnis CS, Patterson DM, Winkler J, Conrad DN, Hein MY, Srivastava V, Hu JL, Murrow LM, Weissman JS, Werb Z, et al. 2019. MULTI-seq: sample multiplexing for single-cell RNA sequencing using lipid-tagged indices. Nat Methods. 16(7):619-626. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0433-8](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0433-8) 2\. McGinnis CS, Siegel DA, Xie G, Hartoularos G, Stone M, Ye CJ, Gartner ZJ, Roan NR, Lee SA. 2021. No detectable alloreactive transcriptional responses under standard sample preparation conditions during donor-multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Biol. 19(1): [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00941-x](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00941-x) 3\. Hu KH, Eichorst JP, McGinnis CS, Patterson DM, Chow ED, Kersten K, Jameson SC, Gartner ZJ, Rao AA, Krummel MF. 2020. ZipSeq: barcoding for real-time mapping of single cell transcriptomes. Nat Methods. 17(8):833-843. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-020-0880-2](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-020-0880-2) 4\. Weir K, Leavey P, Santiago C, Blackshaw S. Multiplexed Analysis of Retinal Gene Expression and Chromatin Accessibility using scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq. JoVE.(169): [https://doi.org/10.3791/62239](https://doi.org/10.3791/62239) 5\. Hurskainen M, Mi?íková I, Cook DP, Andersson N, Cyr-Depauw C, Lesage F, Helle E, Renesme L, Jankov RP, Heikinheimo M, et al. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of murine lung development on hyperoxia-induced damage. 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[Diseño y optimización de reacciones](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/reaction-design-and-optimization) - [Métodos sintéticos](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods) - [Funcionalización C-H](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/ch-functionalization) - [Acoplamiento cruzado](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/cross-coupling) - [Fluoración](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/fluorination) - [Metátesis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/metathesis) - [Caja de herramientas de reacción orgánica](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/organic-reaction-toolbox) - [Fotocatálisis](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/chemistry-and-synthesis/synthetic-methods/photocatalysis) - [Clínica y diagnóstico](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing) - [Bacteriología](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/bacteriology) - [Tipificación sanguínea](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/blood-typing) - [Pruebas clínicas y forenses](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/clinical-and-forensic-testing) - [Citología y citodiagnóstico](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/cytology-and-microscopy) - [Inmunohistoquímica diagnóstica](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/diagnostic-immunohistochemistry) - [Hematología](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/hematology) - [Histología/Histopatología](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/clinical-testing-and-diagnostics-manufacturing/histology) - 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[Terpenos](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/cannabis-testing/terpenes-cannabis) - [Análisis del agua potable](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/drinking-water-testing) - [Análisis del suelo, residuos sólidos y aguas subterráneas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/soil-solid-waste-groundwater-testing) - [Análisis de aguas residuales y aguas de proceso](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/environmental-testing-and-industrial-hygiene/waste-water-and-process-water-testing) - [Pruebas y fabricación de alimentos y bebidas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing) - [Análisis químico](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/chemical-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Formulación de sabores y fragancias](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/flavor-and-fragrance-formulation) - [Análisis microbiológico](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/microbiological-analysis-for-food-and-beverage) - [Cumplimiento normativo](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/food-and-beverage-testing-and-manufacturing/regulatory-compliance-for-food-and-beverage) - [Genómica](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/genomics) - [Edición genética avanzada](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/genomics/advanced-gene-editing) - [Clonación y expresión](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/genomics/cloning-and-expression) - [Purificación de ADN y ARN](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification) - [Epigenética](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/genomics/epigenetics) - [Cribado genómico funcional](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/genomics/functional-genomics-screening) - [Expresión y silenciamiento génico](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/genomics/gene-expression-and-silencing) - 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[Síntesis de nanopartículas y micropartículas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/nanoparticle-and-microparticle-synthesis) - [Electrónica orgánica](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/organic-electronics) - [Fotovoltaica y células solares](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/photovoltaics-and-solar-cells) - [Síntesis de polímeros](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/polymer-synthesis) - [Síntesis de estado sólido](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/solid-state-synthesis) - [Ingeniería de tejidos](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/materials-science-and-engineering/tissue-engineering) - [Pruebas microbiológicas](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing) - [Prueba de carga biológica](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/bioburden-testing) - [Preparación de medios de cultivo](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-culture-media-preparation) - [Relleno de medios (APS)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/media-fills) - [Análisis microbiano del agua](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/microbial-water-testing) - [Prueba de micoplasma](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/mycoplasma-testing) - [Pruebas de patógenos y deterioro](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/pathogen-and-spoilage-testing) - [Prueba de pirógenos](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/pyrogen-testing) - [Pruebas de esterilidad](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/sterility-testing) - [Pruebas de superficie y personal](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/surface-and-personnel-testing) - [Monitoreo viable del aire](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/applications/microbiological-testing/viable-air-monitoring) - [Desarrollo y fabricación de anticuerpos monoclonales](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies) - [Descubrimiento de fármacos basados en anticuerpos](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery) - [Selección y optimización de clientes potenciales](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/lead-discovery) - [Desarrollo preclínico](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/preclinical-development) - [Descubrimiento de objetivos](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/antibody-drug-discovery/target-discovery) - [Caracterización y control de calidad](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/es/integrated-offerings/monoclonal-antibodies/characterization-and-quality-control) - 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