Holmium:YAG lithotripsy for large renal and bladder calculi: strategies for efficient lithotripsy.

Holmium:YAG lithotripsy is effective for all stone compositions, and high success rates may be expected. Large renal and bladder calculi may be treated effectively with Ho:YAG lasertripsy. Using angled optical fibers and increasing power settings may be particularly useful to increase lithotripsy speed.