Biomimetic and nanostructured hybrid bioactive glass.

Inspired by nature's toughening mechanisms, we designed a new polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-derived hybrid glass (PHG) that has covalent interactions on the molecular scale between the inorganic POSS cage and organic phase. These features allow "elastic deformation" of the inorganic POSS cage in limited scale. The final product is a bulk hybrid material with toughness (3.56 ± 0.25 MPa·m(1/2)) similar to natural bone (2.4-5.3 MPa·m(1/2)). PHG exhibited excellent bioactivity by promoting the formation of plate-like hydroxyapatite on its surface in simulated body fluid and showed good cell adhesion. PHG also can be a platform to guide adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiation and mineralization. The key structural features of this material can be used to guide the design of bio-inspired composites with unique toughness, which would be of great benefit to hard tissue engineering.