Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles.

Chemical Society reviews (2011-04-30)

Pazhamalai Anbarasan, Thomas Schareina, Matthias Beller

ABSTRACT

The palladium-catalyzed cyanation of Ar-X (X = I, Br, Cl, OTf, and H) allows for an efficient access towards benzonitriles. After its discovery in 1973 and following significant improvements in recent decades, this methodology has become nowadays the most popular for preparation of substituted aromatic nitriles. In this critical review, we summarize the important developments in this area from 2000 until 2010 (151 references).

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, sponge, 99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <1 μm, ≥99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, granular, 99.99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size (TEM), ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.025 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

Palladium, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, wire, diam. 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

Palladium, foil, not light tested, 50x50mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.5 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

Palladium, foil, light tested, 100x100mm, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95%

Palladium, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 0.50mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Palladium, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 2.0mm, inside diameter 1.6mm, wall thickness 0.2mm, as drawn, 99.95%

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.05 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, powder, <75 μm, 99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

Palladium, rod, 50mm, diameter 4.0mm, 99.95%

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.98% trace metals basis

Palladium, rod, 25mm, diameter 4.0mm, 99.95%

Palladium, rod, 10mm, diameter 6.0mm, 99.95%

Palladium, rod, 25mm, diameter 6.0mm, 99.95%

Palladium, rod, 100mm, diameter 2.0mm, 99.95%

Palladium, rod, 50mm, diameter 2.0mm, 99.95%

Palladium, rod, 50mm, diameter 6.0mm, 99.95%

Sigma-Aldrich

Palladium, evaporation slug, diam. × L 0.6 cm × 0.6 cm, 99.95% trace metals basis

Palladium, rod, 100mm, diameter 4.0mm, 99.95%

Palladium, rod, 25mm, diameter 2.0mm, 99.95%

Palladium, wire reel, 0.1m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.95%

Palladium, wire reel, 0.2m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.99+%