[Accéder au contenu](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com#main-content) [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr) Produits Panier0 FRFR Produits [Connexion / S'inscrire](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/oidc-sign-in) [Recherche de commande](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/order-lookup) [Commande rapide](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/quick-order) Panier0 [Home](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en)[Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/applications)[Genomics](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/applications/genomics)Sequencing # Sequencing Slide 1 of 3 1 of 3    The ability to determine the composition and order of nucleic acids in a strand of DNA or RNA has profound implications for understanding modern genetics and numerous fields that are essential for disease research and a better understanding of all organisms. The ability to sequence nucleic acids is not only useful for deciphering an organism’s genetic code but also provides researchers with a powerful tool, in combination with additional molecular technologies, to easily manipulate DNA sequences and verify those changes through sequencing. As coding DNA functions as the coded information for proteins, researchers can now custom design recombinant proteins that contain a large variety of functional elements and are widely used to answer an equally large number of important research questions. For additional whole-genome sequencing reagents and guides, please visit [](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com)[Next-Generation Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/applications/genomics/next-gen-sequencing) resource. * * * ## Related Products Slide 1 of 11 1 of 3 [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ T4415 \ Tampon Tris-borate-EDTA](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/t4415) Aperçu rapide [ \ Roche \ FPCRN-RO \ ADN polymérase Taq FastStart™, dNTPack](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/roche/fpcrnro) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ P5475 \ C-CMV-24 Sequencing Primer](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/p5475) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ HSANGERV \ Sanger Arrayed Whole Genome Lentiviral CRISPR Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/hsangerv) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ HSANGERG \ Sanger Arrayed Whole Genome Lentiviral CRISPR Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/hsangerg) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ MSANGERG \ Sanger Arrayed Whole Genome Lentiviral CRISPR Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/msangerg) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ MSANGERV \ Sanger Arrayed Whole Genome Lentiviral CRISPR Library](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/msangerv) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ NA1020 \ GenElute™ PCR Clean-Up Kit](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/na1020) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ S3938 \ SeqSaver™ Sequencing Premix Dilution Buffer](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/s3938) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ UC9604 \ UltraClear™ Sequencing Reaction Clean-Up Kit](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/uc9604) Aperçu rapide [ \ Sigma-Aldrich \ D1947 \ Diffinity RapidTip®](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/fr/product/sigma/d1947) Aperçu rapide * * * Overview Related Articles & Protocols Support ## Sanger Sequencing Early on, analytical chemistry methods were able to determine nucleic acid composition. However, Fred Sanger and colleagues developed methods - initially using radiolabeled digested fragments and two-dimensional fractionation - to provide some of the first complete nucleic sequences. Advancements in the field continued for several decades, with each improvement adding to a growing library of sequenced proteins and genomes. These improvements include the separation of nucleotides by length using gel electrophoresis followed by capillary electrophoresis. Additionally, the incorporation of fluorescently-labeled nucleotides and automated computer analysis of each nucleic acid fragment all now define the modern Sanger sequencing method. ## DNA Sequencing Methodology While the methods to sequence DNA have continued to improve since the origin of this technology, several fundamental components are still necessary and used by modern DNA sequencing platforms. DNA preparation typically includes isolation and purification of the DNA from the host organism. Additional critical components, including free DNA bases, DNA primers, modified DNA bases containing fluorescent tags (terminator bases), and DNA polymerase are added together into a single vessel. The vessel containing all these components through a series of heating and cooling steps will produce a library of small DNA sequences relative to the full-length DNA sequence of interest, each ending with a fluorescently end-labeled terminator base. The new DNA strands containing the fluorescently end-labeled nucleotides are separated by length, passed through a capillary tube, and arranged by size. A laser is then used to excite the fluorescent base on each strand while a camera captures the signal. Lastly, a computer is typically used to assemble the collected information into the full-length DNA sequence. 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[Find Documents](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/documents-search) ## Related Articles - [Validating CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/validating-crispr-cas9-mediated-gene-editing) Validate CRISPR gene editing experiments easily with Sigma-Aldrich® T7E1 mismatch detection kit, ensuring successful editing. - [Ultrapure vs. DEPC Treated Water for Molecular Biology Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification/nuclease-free-water) Understand the benefits of ultrapure water versus DEPC treatment in DNA and RNA experiments to ensure high purity and integrity without risks. - [Water for Next-Generation Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/next-gen-sequencing/water-for-next-generation-sequencing) Improve NGS performance and reliability by optimizing water quality at every step of the workflow, from fragmentation to cleaning to sequencing. - [Amino Acid Codon Wheel](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/sequencing/amino-acid-codon-wheel) Amino Acid Codon Wheel for fast RNA translation. Find which amino acid is translated from your RNA sequence quickly and easily. - [MULTI-seq Sample Multiplexing for Single Cell Analysis and Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/sequencing/multi-seq-sample-multiplexing-single-cell-analysis-sequencing) Use of MULTI-seq lipid-modified oligos, protocol, and troubleshooting guide for PCR Assays and Sequencing applications. - [See All (7)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) ## Related Protocols - [Sanger Sequencing Steps & Method](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/sequencing/sanger-sequencing) Learn about Sanger Sequencing steps or the chain termination method and how DNA sequencing works and how to read Sanger Sequencing results accurately for your research. - [See All (1)](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/search/facet-search?focus=sitecontent&term=facet-search) ### Find More Articles and Protocols Enter Keywords Search ## How Can We Help In case of any questions, please submit a [customer support request](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/support/customer-support) or talk to our customer service team: Email [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) or call +1 (800) 244-1173 ## Additional Support - [Calculators & Apps](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/support/calculators-and-apps) Web Toolbox - science research tools and resources for analytical chemistry, life science, chemical synthesis and materials science. - [Customer Support Request](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/support/customer-support) Customer support including help with orders, products, accounts, and website technical issues. - [FAQ](https://maestro.my.site.com/knowledgeportal/s/) Explore our Frequently Asked Questions for answers to commonly asked questions about our products and services. * * * __Featured Articles__ [Validating CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Editing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/validating-crispr-cas9-mediated-gene-editing) Validate CRISPR gene editing experiments easily with Sigma-Aldrich® T7E1 mismatch detection kit, ensuring successful editing. [MULTI-seq Sample Multiplexing for Single Cell Analysis and Sequencing](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/sequencing/multi-seq-sample-multiplexing-single-cell-analysis-sequencing) Use of MULTI-seq lipid-modified oligos, protocol, and troubleshooting guide for PCR Assays and Sequencing applications. [Ultrapure vs. DEPC Treated Water for Molecular Biology Applications](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/dna-and-rna-purification/nuclease-free-water) Understand the benefits of ultrapure water versus DEPC treatment in DNA and RNA experiments to ensure high purity and integrity without risks. [Sequencing Primers](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/FR/en/technical-documents/technical-article/genomics/sequencing/sequencing-primers) Versatile sequencing primers enable sequencing of inserts in plasmids at specific positions, aiding in molecular biology research. 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