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Poly(ethylene glycol) 10,000; CAS Number: 25322-68-3; Synonyms: PEG; Linear Formula: H(OCH2CH2)nOH; find Sigma-Aldrich-81280 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich

Poly(ethylene glycol) 10,000 | Sigma-Aldrich

Poly(ethylene glycol)

Hydrogels in craniofacial tissue engineering

Biomedical hydrogels

Entrapment of essential oils in hydrogels for biomedical applications

Permeability and blood compatibility properties of chitosan-poly(ethylene oxide) blend membranes for haemodialysis

Long-circulating poly (ethylene glycol)-modified gelatin nanoparticles for intracellular delivery

Ultrasound has potential as a non-destructive analytical technique to provide real-time online assessments of matrix evolution in cell-hydrogel constructs used in tissue engineering. In these studies, chondrocytes were encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, and gel degradation was manipulated to provide conditions with varying distribution of the large cartilage extracellular matrix molecule, collagen. Mechanical properties and matrix accumulations were simultaneously measured for each condition during 9.5 weeks of in vitro culture. Ultrasound data were used to construct cross-sectional B-scan images for qualitative observations of evolving constructs. Ultrasound data were also analyzed to calculate the speed of sound (SoS) and slope of attenuation (SoA) in developing constructs and a non-degrading hydrogel control without encapsulated chondrocytes. SoS and SoA were calculated from 50 and 100MHz ultrasound data, and sample correlation coefficients were calculated to identify important relationships between these ultrasound parameters and mechanical/biochemical properties of the evolving matrix. SoA appears to be more sensitive to the density of accumulated matrix molecules than SoS, while SoS appeared to be more sensitive to mechanical modulus than SoA in measurements performed at 100MHz. Correlation analysis revealed that ultrasound measurements at 100MHz are more likely to be good predictors of matrix evolution and neotissue function than measurements at 50MHz. Rigorous studies of the relationships identified in this study will lead to non-destructive real-time monitoring that will be useful in combination with bioreactors used to promote and study cartilage regeneration.

Ultrasound monitoring of cartilaginous matrix evolution in degradable PEG hydrogels.

The pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes is thought to play an important role in transmitting biochemical and biomechanical signals to the cells, which regulates many cellular functions including tissue homeostasis. To better understand chondrocytes interactions with their PCM, three-dimensional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels containing Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), the cell-adhesion sequence found in fibronectin and which is present in the PCM of cartilage, were employed. RGD was incorporated into PEG hydrogels via tethers at 0.1, 0.4 and 0.8 mM concentrations. Bovine chondrocytes were encapsulated in the hydrogels and subjected to dynamic compressive strains (0.3 Hz, 18% amplitude strain) for 48h, and their response assessed by cell morphology, ECM gene expression, cell proliferation and matrix synthesis. Incorporation of RGD did not influence cell morphology under free swelling conditions. However, the level of cell deformation upon an applied strain was greater in the presence of RGD. In the absence of dynamic loading, RGD appears to have a negative effect on chondrocyte phenotype, as seen by a 4.7-fold decrease in collagen II/collagen I expressions in 0.8mM RGD constructs. However, RGD had little effect on early responses of chondrocytes (i.e. cell proliferation and matrix synthesis/deposition). When isolating RGD as a biomechanical cue, cellular response was very different. Chondrocyte phenotype (collagen II/collagen I ratio) and proteoglycan synthesis were enhanced with higher concentrations of RGD. Overall, our findings demonstrate that RGD ligands enhance cartilage-specific gene expression and matrix synthesis, but only when mechanically stimulated, suggesting that cell-matrix interactions mediate chondrocyte response to mechanical stimulation.

Cell-matrix interactions and dynamic mechanical loading influence chondrocyte gene expression and bioactivity in PEG-RGD hydrogels.

Carbamazepine indicated for the control of epilepsy, undergoes extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism after oral administration. A vaginal dosage form of carbamazepine is not commercially available. Conventional suppository having poor retention in the vaginal tract, as they are removed in a short time by the tract's self-cleansing action, having poor patient compliance. To overcome such problems, delivery system with mucoadhesive polymers polyox WSR N-60K and Ucarflock 302 that prolong drug permanence on the vaginal mucosa were developed. In the present study the suitability of gelucires to formulate vaginal pesseries was investigated. The possible modification of carbamazepine release kinetics by using gelucires blends and hydrophilic additives in the pesseries was evaluated. It was observed that among gelucire grades melting point higher than 37 degrees C, the release rate proved to be highly dependant on HLB value and matrix composition. In most of the formulations carbamazepine release occurred by disintegration and erosion of the matrices which is depending upon the vehicle employed. The aging study revealed that the formulations containing G50/13 and G50/13-G44/14 blends undergo some changes during one year of shelf aging. From the results obtained it can be concluded that different gelucire grades and their blends along with hydrophilic polymer could be successesively used to formulate prolong release carbamazepine pesseries.

Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel vaginal drug delivery system based on gelucire.

Previous studies have demonstrated that Separan AP-30, a drag-reducing polymer, significantly decreased the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Furthermore, Separan AP-273, a polymer similar to but longer than Separan AP-30, markedly increased cardiac output in open-chest rats. Preliminary studies in our laboratory have described diuresis and natriuresis following the intravenous infusion of Separan AP-273. These studies did not determine whether this natriuresis was common to drag-reducing polymers or unique to Separan. In the present study the renal effects of two chemically dissimilar drag-reducing polymers of molecular lengths approaching approximately 100 microns were compared. Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were anesthetized (Nembutal) and a tracheostomy was performed. A baseline level of sodium and water excretion was established by the infusion of saline (0.097 ml/min, IV). Separan (0.004%), an anionic polyacrylamide; Polyox (0.4%), a poly(ethylene oxide); or mannitol (20%), an osmotic diuretic, was infused into the jugular vein at 0.0034 ml/min. Separan and Polyox both increased the excretion of sodium and water (p less than 0.05). At the doses tested, potassium excretion was unaltered in both groups. Separan, but not Polyox, produced a modest increase in blood pressure. Creatinine clearance was unaltered. At this infusion rate, only hypertonic concentrations of mannitol (20%) induced a similar effect. These results indicate that drag-reducing polymers may represent a novel class of potassium-sparing diuretic and natriuretic compounds. The ability of this class of polymers to decrease the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, increase blood flow, and produce a potassium-sparing natriuresis may be of practical clinical significance.

Drag-reducing polymers: a novel class of diuretic and natriuretic compounds.

The search for antiaggregatory compounds is undertaken, as a rule, under in vitro conditions which do not reflect the dynamics of the real process. The present work deals with study of the peculiarities of the development of the collagen induced microembolic syndrome and the effect produced on it by hydrodynamic resistance reducing polymers under conditions modelling real circulation. The authors show the formation of a developed microembolic syndrome under the effect of collagen with accumulation of vasoconstrictors in the environment and increase of red cell hemolysis. Reduction of blood flow turbulence by the addition of solutions of neutral high-molecular linear polymers revealed the inhibiting effect of these polymers on the development of intracellular aggregate formation and concomitant red cell microhemolysis, which was attended by sharp reduction of thromboxane A2 production in the experiment. The authors show the significance of hemodynamic conditions in the development of the microembolic syndrome and the possibility of preventing it under conditions of modification of the blood flow with polymers, which may be of high prophylactic importance.

[The prevention of the development of the collagen-induced microembolic syndrome by decreasing the hydrodynamic resistance of the blood with special polymers under flow].

The acute hemodynamic effects of an intravenously (i.v.) injected poly(ethylene oxide), Polyox WSR N-60K (dose 50 mg/kg), were studied in the open-chest rat anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The injectate is one of four drag-reducing polymers known to augment in vitro blood flow under a constant pressure gradient; the others are an anionic polyacrylamide (Separan), a rhamnogalactogalacturonan (RGGu), and a deoxyribonucleic acid (calf thymus DNA). RGGu and Separan both augment cardiac output in the rat. Aortic blood flow, measured with an electromagnetic flow probe mounted on the ascending aorta, increased immediately after administration of the polymer and remained above control flow for at least 1 h. A small sustained decrease in heart rate (HR) was associated with a prolongation of systole. Ventricular and arterial blood pressures increased progressively over the 2-h postinjection period. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) initially decreased but then increased continuously throughout the experimental period, eventually surpassing the control value. Although the in vivo effects of Polyox differ from those of RGGu and Separan, the effects of the three macromolecules on aortic flow and TPR are similar at least in the first hour. Because the three substances are chemically dissimilar, these results further support the hypothesis that the primary mechanism responsible for the hemodynamic changes caused by some drag-reducing polymers--apparently limited to those with molecular lengths approaching 100 microns--is physical in nature.

Poly(ethylene glycol)

10,000

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